The paper presents studies on experimental investigation of beam-to-column joint behaviour in standard and exceptional events situations. This assessment is done to form a picture of the general the behavior of full scale frameworks at both the level of the global behavior of the framework, in terms of its load-displacement characteristic, and of the local behavior of joints in terms of their moment-rotation characteristics, and evaluates details about the interaction of the joint elements and how they work together in a balanced manner, during exceptional events, this study concerns the joints which are subject to the collapse and also includes the behavior of joints in the neighborhood of the collapse. The intricacy of such investigations appear from nonlinear effects associated with the outlook of joint behavior or functioning, such as structural shortcomings, large displacements and rotations, inelastic properties of steel and concrete materials, the effects between steel and concrete, and slip between concrete and structural steel, through others. The paper addresses these problems using two types of joints flush and extended end-plate with four and eight bolts and provides recommendations and reasoning for the behavioral techniques for the evaluation of joint moment-rotation response when exposed to negative and positive moments together.

The paper presents studies on experimental investigation of beam-to-column joint behavior in standard and exceptional events situations. This assessment is done to form a picture of the general the behavior of full scale frameworks at both the level of the global behavior of the framework, in terms of its load-displacement characteristic, and of the local behavior of joints in terms of their moment-rotation characteristics, and evaluates details about the interaction of the joint elements and how they work together in a balanced manner, during exceptional events, this study concerns the joints which are subject to the collapse and also includes the behavior of joints in the neighborhood of the collapse. The intricacy of such investigations appear from nonlinear effects associated with the outlook of joint behavior or functioning, such as structural shortcomings, large displacements and rotations, inelastic properties of steel and concrete materials, the effects between steel and concrete, and slip between concrete and structural steel, through others. The paper addresses these problems using two types of joints flush and extended end-plate with four and eight bolts and provides recommendations and reasoning for the behavioral techniques for the evaluation of joint moment-rotation response when exposed to negative and positive moments together.

АННОТАЦИЯ:

Through the last three decades, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been widely used for vegetation mapping and monitoring land-cover change in semi-arid regions. In Libya semi-arid lands occupy many parts in the north part of country that is near the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of paper is to use remote sensing technique (NDVI) for monitoring vegetation degradation in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region in Libya. The Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL), SPOT Apparent green cover percentage data and MODIS Vegetation index are used to monitor the vegetation cover change in the study area. The paper explain the possibility of use only long term NOAA-AVHRR NDVI time-series data, without need to any precipitation data, for assessing desertification conditions in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region. According to annual rainfall the northern parts of the area receives the greatest amount of rainfall towards the Mediterranean Sea, which occurs between October and May, it agreed well with the spatial pattern of NDVI within monthly averaged of vegetation that start increasing rapidly and reached a greater amount during spring (March-May), and decreased during June to September...

It has become firmly established the productivity is the real source of and important for economic growth of any country; it has an essential role in the economies of developed and developing countries alike. It allows the nation to raise its standard of living, to support such social goals as education and health care, and to contribute to other aspects of the general welfare; it is an essential underpinning of the nation's security (Stupak and Leitner, 2001). Increased productivity is the key to economic progress, where the standard of living of communities and income levels depend on the progress of the level of productivity; higher levels of productivity in economies lead to increased rates of growth and prosperity (Seid, 1996).