The Man-Made River (MMR) in Libya is one of the world’s largest water transfer systems, yet it consumes vast amounts of electricity to deliver water across long distances. This research addresses the challenge of energy demand by exploring the recovery of hydraulic energy that is normally wasted as pressure losses within the MMR pipelines. A hydraulic model of the pipeline was developed using EPANET, with actual design data serving as input. Four operational scenarios were evaluated (1.2, 1.3, 2.0, and 2.5 MCMD), and the results were analyzed to estimate recoverable energy and identify suitable turbine types. The methodology included simulation of head and pressure distributions, energy recovery calculations, and comparison with the system’s electricity consumption. The study found that at current operating flows (1.2–1.3 MCMD), turbines could recover between 686 and 733 MWh/day, meeting nearly half of the system’s electricity demand. At the original design capacity of 2.0 MCMD, recovery declined to about 610 MWh/day, while at 2.5 MCMD the net gain dropped to only 117 MWh/day due to pumping requirements. Francis turbines were identified as the most practical technology, with Pelton turbines as secondary options in high-head conditions. The research demonstrates that hydropower recovery from the MMR is technically feasible and environmentally beneficial. It could substantially reduce CO₂ emissions and strengthen Libya’s energy security by integrating renewable power directly into the national grid.

This study aims to test the psychometric properties of the Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES) and examines its associations with psychological distress, satisfaction with life, resilience, and religiosity among individuals affected by the Libyan wars. The sample consisted of 457 participants, with 77.02% female (n = 352) and 22.98% male (n = 105), ranging in age from 18 to 75 years (M_age = 28.82, SD = 11.41). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) revealed that the one-factor model exhibited excellent fit, with indices: CFI = .997, TLI = .997, RMSEA = .029 (90% CI = [.015, .040]), SRMR = .050. Reliability analysis indicated high internal consistency (ω = .94, α = .94). ISLES scores were negatively correlated with satisfaction with life (r = − .27) and resilience (r = − .39), while correlations with religiosity were non-significant (r = − .09, p = .060). Positive correlations were observed with psychological distress, including anxiety (r = .39), depression (r = .46), and stress (r = .32). Exploratory indirect association analyses showed that ISLES scores were statistically associated with psychological distress through resilience and life satisfaction, whereas no significant indirect association was observed for religiosity. These findings support the one-factor structure of ISLES and highlight context-specific patterns of association in populations exposed to chronic and ongoing trauma.

The examination of the flow instability is crucial in nuclear reactors to prevent the occurrence of flow excursion during a postulated accident. Instabilities can reduce the safety margins against these critical heat flux phenomena, where the fuel cladding surface temperature increases dramatically. In this paper, flow instability is investigated at the reactor of Tajoura Nuclear Research Centre with low enriched uranium (LEU) core, the recent reactor’s fuel assembly type is IRT-4M. The flow instability is assessed at the hottest cell of the reactor by implementing PLTEMP/ANL code.

The safety margin to flow instability is evaluated at the maximum power of the reactor (9.7 MW) by running the code at various core flow rates to find the point where FIR equals 1. The inlet coolant temperature is 45°C, the core pressure drop is 0.066 MPa, and the inlet pressure is 0.179 MPa. At the beginning, the calculations have been obtained at the flow rate of 8.1 kg/s. The results show that the maximum cladding surface temperature is 96.971°C which is less than the permissible value (102°C), the minimum FIR, ONBR, and DNBR equals to 2.034, 1.559, and 4.147, respectively. By reducing the core flow rate at the maximum power level, it is determined that FIR equals to 1.0 at the flow rate of 3.976 kg/s. Which means that the safety margin value to flow instability is 2.038. It is concluded from the safety margin value to flow instability that it is in agreement with the thermal-hydraulic safety requirements of TNRC’s reactor. 

This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory and lethal effects of root extracts of the Wild Rue plant (Peganum harmala L.) against the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani under laboratory conditions. Two types of extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) were used at concentrations of (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The results indicated that the effectiveness increased proportionally with the concentration. The inhibition rate of the aqueous extract reached 64.8% at a concentration of 20%, while the alcoholic extract was significantly superior, reaching 84% at the same concentration. Statistical analysis confirmed highly significant differences between concentrations (P < 0.001) as determined by one-way ANOVA, while two-way ANOVA showed extract type, concentration, and their interaction were significant factors, explaining approximately 85% of the total variance. The study concluded that the alcoholic extract is more effective than the aqueous one in inhibiting R. solani, making it a promising option for fungal control as a safe alternative to chemical pesticides.

This study aims to identify solutions for the early failure of roads in Libya due to the lack of a pavement management system and an effective load weighing system. The coastal highway in the city of Misrata was taken as a case study, which has high traffic volumes, especially heavy vehicles. The companies involved in the road's reconstruction provided data on average yearly temperatures and the physical properties of the construction materials, This included the modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for both the asphalt mix and the soil used, The design for traffic volumes was based on ESALs reaching 24 M.S.A which is the calculated value for this road. , the ESALS were increased by 5 M.S.A and designed by using  PerRoad program, for perpetual pavement method, and the mechanical experimental method. After the design, both methodologies were compared, and the effect of increasing the number of axles and ESALs on the thickness of the asphalt layers was studied, The results showed that the design of this road using the perpetual pavement method is not affected by the increase in the number of axles and ESALs, which is suitable for achieving a design life of up to 50 years without being affected by the increase in ESALs. The asphalt layers were 25cm thick, while the subgrade layer was 20 cm thick, On the other hand, the mechanical experimental showed a clear impact from the increase in the number of axles and ESALs, as the thickness of the asphalt layer increased from 19 cm to 28 cm, and the thickness of the subgrade layer increased from 30 cm to 40 cm. This design achieves a lifespan of 20 years. The study also indicated that for designs with 15 M.S.A and above, the traditional design is considered over-designed, and the use of permanent pavement is preferred. As for the design of this road, the permanent pavement method was adopted