The role of email is becoming more and more important and email is considered one of the most effective tools of communication and correspondence nowadays. This research paper investigates the use of etiquette by Libyan EFL postgraduate students in writing formal emails. The aim is to shed light on the situation and determine to what extent Libyan EFL postgraduate students adhere to the rules of etiquette in their formal emails. Another aim is to try to find out if there are any problems, they face in this respect in order to find better ways that may help in dealing with them. To fulfill these aims, 39 students were asked to send a formal email to their instructor (the researcher) of subjects of their own choice. However, only 34 emails were received. The results have shown that the majority of the students who have participated in the study are aware of the overall structure and organization of emails written in formal style. However, examining details have shown that students face some problems that are not only related to style, but also to language and culture. It was apparent from the emails investigated that students lack practice and experience in writing formal emails. To overcome these difficulties, teachers are advised to raise their students’ awareness of the importance of using formal emails as a means of communication and to provide them with sufficient practice by regularly using formal email in their correspondence with their teachers. Students also need to be aware of the inter-linguistic and cultural differences; what might be acceptable and favorable in Arabic may lead to miscommunication problems when used in English.

This coursebook is designed to satisfy the need for a coursebook that is suitable for the university level. It is a practical book which introduces syntactic concepts in a simple way and which gives a chance to students of syntax to understand these concepts through practice by doing related exercises. It is based on my experience of teaching syntax to university students for several years. 

The sequencing and the grading of material from simple topics to more difficult ones makes it easier to understand and grasp the ideas discussed. For example, Unit One is an introductory unit where syntax as a subject is clarified and where analysis approaches and methods of representations that will be used throughout the book are introduced and explained. Unit Two discusses the internal structure of clauses and phrases. It is only after a thorough understanding of these constituents has been ensured through illustrations and practice that the functions of these constituents are introduced in a separate unit, i.e. Unit three.  

   This book has been written to satisfy the need for a practical guide for MA Libyan students which takes them step by step in the process of writing a research proposal. It is the outcome of years of experience in teaching a ‘proposal writing seminar’ subject to postgraduates in the English department in the University of Zawia. However, we believe it will be useful for all MA students in the Libyan academic institutions who write their proposals in the English language.

    The book is not meant to teach the students the methodology of writing research which is presumably should have been dealt with in a separate subject and which is considered a prerequisite for writing a proposal. Thus, in order for students to benefit much from this book, they should be first acquainted with the terminology, procedure and methodology of writing their research which will facilitate their understanding of the process of writing their proposals. 

Conformational stability of various 5-substituted orotic acid derivatives was studied by applying linear free energy relationships (LFER) to the 13C NMR chemical shifts. The correlation analysis for the substituent-induced chemical shifts (SCS) with inductive (σI), and various resonance (σR) parameters were carried out through Single Substituent Parameter (SSP) and Dual Substituent Parameter (DSP) methods, and multiple regression analysis. Good Hammett correlations for all carbons were obtained, while electrophilic substituent constants better fitted for C2 carbon with electron-donor substituents. Conformational analysis of various derivatives using RB3LYP/6-311++G (3df,3dp) DFT method, together with 13C NMR data suggests that most of the substituted orotic acid derivatives exist in planar conformation, except nitro and alkyl substituted derivatives. Internal rotation of carboxylic group showed significant impact on the extent of conjugative interaction making syn conformation more stable in all the derivatives studied. Further, of all 5-substituted orotic acid derivatives, diketo form proved to be the most stable form compared to zwitterionic and enol tautomeric forms. Optimized geometries and transmission effects of particular substituent through well-defined π-resonance units suggest that these units behave as isolated as well as conjugated fragments, depending on the type of substituent

The state of the tautomeric equilibria of eleven arylazo pyridone dyes was evaluated from UV–Vis absorption spectra with the aid of the quantum mechanical modeling. NMR analysis and theoretical calculations, by using PCM/ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) method, confirmed that prepared compounds exist mainly in Hydrazo form. Internal hydrogen bonding in Hydrazo tautomer, analyzed by AIM topological analysis and total electron density at the bond critical point (BCP), confirmed a presence of strong hydrogen bond which contributes to higher stability of Hydrazo form. Linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) rationalized solvent influence on solvatochromism of all compounds in Hydrazoform and KT by using Kamlet–Taft model. Linear free energy relationships(LFERs) were applied to the substituent-induced NMR chemical shifts (SCS) using SSP (single substituent parameter) and DSP (dual substituent parameter) model. Density plots over the highest occupied (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) energy surface provide information on the charge transfer during excitation. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface map was plotted over the optimized geometry of the molecules in order to visualize electron density distribution and explain origin of solvent/solute interactions.