L'enseignement est l'action, l'art d'instruire, de transmettre des connaissances à un élève ou à un groupe - classe et l'habileté de former des habitudes, de guider l'élève ou le groupe - classe vers l'acquisition des compétences et des performances. L'apprentissage dans son ensemble est l'acquisition d'un comportement total qui, dans le cas d'une langue étrangère, ne peut se soumettre à aucun point de vue descriptif ( phonologique, lexical, syntaxique etc.) mais, au contraire , doit intégrer chacun de ces points de vue dans la structure globale de l'acte de communication qu'on désire comprendre et dont on veut se servir . Les concepts de la didactique du français, sélectionnés pour une application dans les classes, peuvent avoir une efficience optimale pour peu que les enseignants eux-mêmes en connaissent les tenants et les aboutissants, qu'ils poussent leur information méthodologique bien au-delà des trois principes généraux fondamentaux:

- Connaître les mécanismes d'acquisition de la langue .

- Définir la présentation des données linguistiques les plus susceptibles d'assurer le développement rapide et harmonieux de ces mécanismes chez un élève ou un groupe- classe, dans un milieu donné.

- Choisir les techniques pédagogiques.

C'est de là que découlent, en premier lieu, les objectifs opérationnels des classes de langue.  

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) Health Systems Framework (HSF) with its 6 building blocks is a widely accepted tool for accurate evaluation of health

systems. However, its role in the developing world has not been widely assessed yet. Methods: Six Questionnaires with 5-point Likert-scale were designed and distributed to all the attendees of Libya Health 500 (LH500) Conference, and collected just before the group discussion of Libyan health system’s session. Results: There were high levels of agreement of the respondents to the questionnaires items about the 6 building blocks. The application of evidence based medicine and equal provision of health service to all, received the highest levels of agreement. Most of the attendees agreed that health services should be paid by the health insurance system, as it has many advantages, including the peace of mind for the public. The fairness and efficiency of the workforce and the establishment of regulatory mechanisms to address the needs of the health workforce had a high level of agreement. Moreover, a functioning health technology requires an effective supply and distribution system of technology elements. The participants agreed that health information technology is important to improve healthcare services and to prevent financial and administrative corruptions. Conclusion: It is feasible to adapt the WHO-HSF to identify the needs and ways to enhance health systems in the developing world.

The Libyan healthcare providers were fully aware and committed to the need for the applicability of the WHOHSF to the National Health Service in Libya.

Abstract:

A new trend in catalytic naphtha reforming requires the decrease of aromatics hydrocarbons particularly benzene in reformate, while maintaining high octane rating. At present, production of reformulated gasoline with low content of benzene is one of the main challenges in the transportation fuel industry. In the catalytic reforming of realistic naphtha over bi-functional Pt-Re-S/Al2O3-Cl catalysts the: (i) liquid yield (C5 +), (ii) yield of aromatics, (iii) iso paraffin/aromatics ratio, (iv) side reactions (hydrocracking, hydrogenolysis, coking) as responses can be altered by controlling the independent reaction parameters (Temperature, Pressure, Liquid Hourly space velocity (LHSV), Hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio (H2/HC ratio), chlorine and the addition of different promoters to the catalyst (Re, Sn, Ir, etc). In the present report, a quadratic polynomial equation for the responses Research Octane Number (RON), Neglect this statement as these models has been removed were obtained by multiple regression analysis and tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 95% degree of confidence. The validation of experimental data was confirmed with the predicted model. The results showed that the reaction temperature and the total operating pressure are the key variables that have the main influence on naphtha reforming reactions by the synergistic effect of linear term (X1, X2), which is in a good agreement with the experimental data reported previously in the literature.

Keywords: Catalytic naphtha reforming, Pt-Re bifunctional catalyst, Research octane number, Response surface methodology (RSM), Central composite design, Optimization. 

One of the challenges in data mining practices is that the datasets vary in complexity and often have different characteristics such as number of attributes, dependent variables characteristics etc. In terms of regression problems, the features that describe the dataset will vary in their complexity, sparseness verses coverage in relation to the decision space, and the number of outcome classes. Fuzzy Decision trees are well-established classifiers in terms of building robust, representative models of the domain. In order to represent different perspectives of the same domain, fuzzy trees can be used to construct fuzzy decision forests to enhance the predictive ability of singular trees. This paper describes an empirical study which examines the applicability of fuzzy tree regression forests to seven different datasets which have complex properties. The relationship between dataset characteristics and the performance of fuzzy regression tree forests is debated.

To reveal the prior-austenite grain boundaries in micro-alloyed steels there is different techniques. This study has been carried out over a wide range of temperature (950-1150 οC) and it has been found that the tested procedure based on the combination of heat treatment and thermal etching (TE) method give excellent results for the Titanium and Titanium free medium carbon micro-alloyed steels at all the austenitization conditions tested.

En didactique des langues, le terme auxiliaire désigne un ensemble d'outils matériels destinés à faciliter le travail de l'enseignant et des enseignés. On distingue deux sous- ensembles d'auxiliaires: I- les auxiliaires didactiques : le matériel collectif (manuels, recueils de textes, dictionnaires, etc.); le matériel de l'élève ( livre de l'élève, cahier de grammaire et d'orthographe, testes, etc.) , le matériel du maître (guide pédagogique, livrets méthodologiques, corrigés d'exercices, livre du maître, etc.); 2- les auxiliaires techniques ( équipement matériel: tableau de feutre, rétroprojecteur, disques, magnétophone, minicassettes, machine à enseigner, ordinateur, etc.); La structure des auxiliaires didactiques et le choix des moyens techniques dépendent de l'option méthodologique fondamentale. Ainsi, dans les méthodes SGAV (MÉTHODE), l'image est le principal moyen utilisé en classe de langue. L'importance de la "révolution sémiotique" accomplie par la société moderne qui véhicule des quantités et natures d'information en progression accélérée implique un "développement correspondant des circuits d'information de plus en plus denses, et dans ce but réactive le sens et les mécanismes de perception" (1). L'univers actuel ( dans toutes ses productions, attitudes et conduites sociales) s'édifie à partir de et autour d'une mosaïque 

The critical key success factors, which have to be targeted with appropriate change management, are the user acceptance and support of a new Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system at the early implementation stages. This becomes even more important in Arab context where national and organisational culture with a different value and belief system, resulting in different management styles, might not complement with Western business culture embedded in the predefined standard business processes of existing ERP packages. This study explains and critically evaluates research into national and organizational culture and the influence of different national cultures on the implementation and reengineering process of ERP packages in an Arab context. Using a case study, realized through a quantitative survey testing five of Martinsons’s and Davison’s propositions in a Libyan sample company, confirmed the expected results from the literature review that culture has an impact on the implementation process and that employee empowerment is an unavoidable consequence of an ERP implementation.