Les besoins langagiers constituent l'un des principes fondamentaux de la didactique des langues étrangères. L'intérêt qu'on leur prête va de pair avec l'instauration de la nouvelle attitude méthodologique qui a réorienté l'apprentissage des langues secondes. "La nouvelle attitude méthodologique qui se propose de convertir la pédagogie de l'enseignement en une pédagogie de l'apprentissage se traduit par une attention accrue accordé aux besoins langagiers et aux aspects motivationnels" (T. CRISTA,1984:37-38). Aujourd'hui, on ne saurait ignorer l'importance du destinataire dans la communication pédagogique. " Pour enseigner une langue, connaître l'apprenant est aussi important que de connaître cette langue . /…/ Une langue à apprendre est situé par rapport à l'apprenant. /…/ Aucun enseignement de langue ne peut être organisé indépendamment du public auquel il est destiné, et celui-ci ne saurait être défini autrement qu'en termes sociologiques"(L. PORCHER, 1977:74-75). C'est dans cette optique qu'il convient de s'interroger sur la place à faire aux besoins langagiers dans le processus éducatif. Les investigations portent sur les besoins langagiers ont pour but d'appréhender cette notion sous les multiples aspects de la définition, de l'identification, de l'analyse ainsi que du rôle qui leur est imparti dans l'organisation du processus didactique. Les tentatives de définir la notion de "besoins  

2017 and 2018 at Beni-Suef governorate. Samples from diseased cattle, previously SPPV vaccinated with SPPV, were inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) using chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) route. Histopathological examination of the inoculated CAMs showed large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies characteristic for LSDV. Characteristic pock lesions were observed after the 1st passage and become clear after the third passage and become clearly observed 4 days post inoculation. For molecular identification, DNA was extracted from a pool of the infected CAMs. Two pairs of primers specific for LSDV including one flanking a 554 bp product of the G gene and second flanking 172 of the RP030 gene were used. In conclusion, LSDV infections have been detected and the virus has been isolated and identified by PCR from cattle previously vaccinated with SPPV vaccine during the summer of 2018

Adrenergic β-blockers are used to treat many conditions, including hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, angina pectoris, migraine, and tremors. The majority of the β-blockers including Propranolol, Metoprolol, Acebutolol, Alprenolol, Betaxolol, Carvedilol, Nebivolol and Oxprenolol are metabolised majorly by CYP2D6, and Bisoprolol is primarily metabolised by CYP3A4 enzymes. The drugs inhibiting or inducing them may alter the pharmacokinetics of those β-blockers. The plasma concentrations of Propranolol might be elevated by the concomitant use of drugs, such as SSRIs (Fluoxetine, Paroxetine), SNRIs (Duloxetine) and Cimetidine, while the plasma concentrations of Metoprolol increased by the concurrent use of SSRIs (Fluoxetine, Paroxetine), Amiodarone, Celecoxib, Cimetidine, Terbinafine, and Diphenhydramine. β-blockers can also interact pharmacodynamically with drugs, including fluoroquinolones, antidiabetic agents and NSAIDs. In addition, β-blockers may interact with herbs, such as curcumin, Ginkgo biloba, Schisandra chinensis, green tea, guggul, hawthorn, St. John’s wort and Yohimbine. This article focuses on clinically relevant drug interactions of β-blockers with commonly prescribed medications. In addition to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the drug interactions, recommendations for clinical practice are highlighted. The prescribers and the pharmacists are needed to be aware of the drugs interacting with β-blockers to prevent possible adverse drug interactions.

virulence. Larval mortality was dose dependent for all EPN species. When using a dose of 100 infective juveniles (IJs) per larva, H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae caused 90%-100% mortality, whereas H. downesi and S. feltiae caused only 40%-60% mortality. Even when using 200 IJs/larva, H. megidis and S. kraussei caused a maximum of 30%-40% mortality. Some of the invasive EPNs were melanized, suggesting a strong humoral defense response by the Aedes larvae. The degree of melanization was quite variable; some EPNs were totally enveloped in a melanin sheath while others were partially coated with melanin. Melanization did not stop the EPN from multiplying and killing the Aedes larvae. IJs released from infected larvae would have the potential to infect healthy mosquito larvae. Also, both bacterial supernatant and bacterial cell suspension of Xenorhabdus nematophila caused >91% larval mortality after 48 h, whereas only the bacterial cell suspension of Photorhabdus laumondii was effective against the mosquito larvae. These data provides useful information on the potential use of EPNs and/or formulated bacterial cell suspensions in the control of the important urban and container-breeding mosquito, Ae. aegypti, and are a starting point for future simulated and actual field studies.

Keywords

Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) ingestion, Aedes aegypti, symbiotic bacteria, H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae

In this article, we propose a new method to construct many new exact solutions with

parameters for the generalized KdV–mKdV (GKdV–mKdV) equation with higher-

order nonlinear terms. The proposed method is a generalization of the well-known( G′

G , 1

G

)

-expansion method in the case of the hyperbolic function solutions. Also, we

use a direct algebraic method based on the generalized Liénard equation to find other

diffrent new exact solutions of the above GKdV–mKdV equation. Soliton solutions,

periodic solutions, rational functions solutions, hyperbolic functions solutions and

symmetrical hyperbolic Lucas functions solutions are obtained. Comparing our new

results obtained in this article with the well-known results are given. The generalized( G′

G , 1

G

)

-expansion method presented in this article is straightforward, concise and it

can also be applied to other nonlinear partial differential equations in mathematical

physics.