Abstract The Arabic language presents significant challenges to many natural language processing applications. The broken plu rals (BP) problem is one of these challenges especially for information retrieval applications. It is difficult to deal with Arabic broken plurals and reduce them to their associated singulars, because no obvious rules exist, and there are no standard stemming algorithms that can process them. This paper attempts to handle the problem of broken plural by de veloping a method to identify broken plurals in an unvowelised Arabic text and reducing them to their correct singular forms by incorporating the simple broken plural matching approach, with a machine translation system and an English stemmer as a new approach. A set of experiments has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method using a number of text samples extracted from a large Arabic corpus (AL-Hayat newspaper). The obtained re sults are analyzed and discussed.

 Abstract There are several stemming approaches that are applied to Arabic language, yet no a complete stemmer for this language is available. The existing stem-based stemmers for stemming Arabic text have a poor performance in terms of accuracy and error rates. In order to improve the accuracy rates of stemming, a hybrid method is proposed for stemming Arabic text to produce stems (not roots). The improvement of the accuracy of stemming will lead by necessity to the improvement of many applications very greatly, including: information retrieval, document classification, machine translation, text analysis and text compression. The proposed method integrates three different stemming techniques, including: morphological analysis, affix-removal and dictionaries. 

Dr. Mosbah M. Farfar

هذا البحث المعنون بــ( معمل اللغة وتقييم المتعلم ) يتناول بعض الدراسات التربوية الحديثة نحو استغلال التقنية الحديثة في تطوير التعليم ، وذلك من خلال استخدام الوسائل التعليمية الحديثة لما تمتاز به من خصائص تجعلها تساهم في تقديم الحلول للكثير من المواقف والصعوبات التي تواجهنا كمعلمين ومتعلمين ومؤسسات معنية بهذا الشأن ، ومعمل اللغة من الوسائل التي تساعد في عملية التقويم المستمر وتصحيح التحصيل والاستماع والنطق اللغوي للمتعلم ، وهو من الوسائل التي تظهر أن المتكلم هو مستمع الى كلامه ، لأن المتكلم لا يتكلم فقط بل يستمع الى صوته، وفي حالة الاستماع هذه يقارن باستمرار بين الأصوات التي يصدرها ، وتلك التي يرغب ان يصدرها حيث منها يقوم بالتعديلات السمعية واللفظية وتصحيحها وفق سياقها المناسب.

Introduction

Dans le processus d'apprentissage d'une langue, il y a une interaction étroite entre l'audition et la phonation. Le fait que le sourd-muet est muet parce que sourd révèle l'importance de l'audition, en premier lieu. Dans l'acquisition de la langue maternelle, ce problème ne présente pas de difficultés chez les enfants normaux. Ils acquièrent à la fois les habitudes auditives et articulatoires parce qu'ils se trouvent tout le temps dans un milieu où ils écoutent et imitent la prononciation des adultes. Ils se forment donc des habitudes sans s'en rendre compte, au fur et à mesure que leur capacité de perception auditive se développe et se perfectionne.

La langue maternelle représente un élément du passage sonore dans lequel se trouvent les enfants depuis leur naissance. Par conséquent, les mécanismes nécessaires pour communiquer par la parole - ce qu'on appelle "comportement d'écoute", s'installent chez eux sans qu'ils en prennent conscience. L'apprentissage d'une langue étrangère ne peut pourtant suivre les mêmes voies. Les apprenants ont besoin d'un excès d'analyse perceptive pour comprendre ; ils doivent apprendre à isoler tout d'abord les composantes de l'écoute, vu qu'ils possèdent déjà les habitudes auditives et articulatoires de la langue maternelle. Dans ce cas, il faut exploiter tous les moyens techniques des méthodes verbo-tonale ou bien de l'audio-visuelle qui forment les principales composantes d'un laboratoire de langue étrangère.

Le laboratoire: technique et stratégie

a. Technique: Les techniques de laboratoire se définissent comme un ensemble de procédés qui utilisent certains Auxiliaires Techniques-le laboratoire de langue en l'occurrence - en vue d'obtenir des résultats déterminés, valables dans le cadre d'une stratégie d'ensemble.

Nées dans les années 40 pour répondre aux tentatives d'utiliser le magnétophone dans l'enseignement / apprentissage des langues étrangères, ces techniques ont connu leur heure de gloire dans les années 50 et 60, aux Etats-Unis et en Europe, lorsqu'elles sont venues renforcer, comme techniques d'appoint, les méthodes audio-orales et audio-visuelles, objet de fort engouement à la fois pour les enseignants et pour les enseignés.

This paper investigates both the computation accuracy (based on the power balance error) and the cost in terms of the number of FDTD-grid cells due to the artifact rotation for a cellular handset close to the user’s head. Two study cases are simulated to assess the EM coupling of a cellular handset and a MRI-based human head model at 900 MHz; firstly, both handset and head CAD models are aligned to the FDTD-grid, secondly, handset close to a rotated head in compliance with IEEE-1528 standard. A FDTD-based platform, SEMCAD-X, is used; where conventional and interactive gridder approaches are implemented to achieve the simulations. The results show that owing to the artifact rotation, the computation error may increase up to 30%, whereas, the required number of grid cells may increase up to 25%

Abstract

Most of Arabic countries are located within the arid and semi-arid zones, which are characterised by the scarcity and the high spatial and temporary variability of rainfall .The influence of rainfall patterns on natural vegetation cover is significant and can be monitored and assessed using NDVI indices derived from remote sensing data. The literature stresses on the wide use of NDVI to study the changes in vegetation cover, because of the sensitivity of vegetation to the Red and Infra-red spectrum. In this paper the SPOT Apparent Green Cover Percentage data and MODIS Vegetation index are used to monitor the vegetation cover change in North western Libya. The aim of this study is to establish the spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover and their relation to the rainfall pattern. The data and method: The utilized data for research included multi-temporal remotely sensed data (Spot, MODIS, and Landsat ETM), climatic data (ground stations and satellite data) and digital maps (DEM, slope, flow direction and basins). The satellite images were firstly pre-processed. This included the importing of different format images into a standard format of the ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1. Then the dataset were geometrically corrected into the WGS84 latitude/longitude geographic co-ordinate system. The study area was then subseted using a vector file representing the area boundary (AOI). The multibands were stacked to create time series, the NDVI equation was used to convert the DN values into NDVI values. 

This study is part of a larger study that explores societal and organizational culture factors that influence the adoption of information systems (IS) in Libya’s Oil and Banking sectors (Twati & Gammack, 2004; 2006). Using a structured survey questionnaire based on the work of Geert Hofstede’s Value Survey Module (VSM 94), 400 questionnaires were administrated to middle and top management employees in more than 15 government and public organizations in the two named industry sectors. The findings showed that there is a direct positive relationship between Hofstede’s (1980) societal culture dimensions and the adoption of IS. The findings also showed that there are no differences in the societal culture dimensions between the two sectors covered in this study. This implies that the adoption of IS is influenced by societal culture and other factors, which are worthy of investigating. The future implications of this research are also discussed

As software systems grow, their complexity augments dramatically. In consequence their understandability and evolvability are becoming a difficult task, therefore a way to describe the architecture of software systems is becoming a must. The architecture of a software system can be described using either an architecture description language (ADL) or an object-oriented modeling language. In this article, we show how we can build a hybrid model, based on the two approaches, to describe the architecture of software systems. This approach profits from the advantages of the two approaches, i.e. the explicit presentation of functional aspects in object-oriented modeling and the explicit separation of competition (components) from interactions (connectors) in architectural description.

Significant challenges has been introduced for IP networks with the advent of new emerging applications, such as VOIP and E-Commerce, that require delivering quality guarantees. However, IP networks were originally designed to support best effort delivery only. Two Quality of Service (QoS) standard models, IntServ, DiffServ have been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Although these methods guarantee delivery, they have drawbacks such as complexity, restrictions of predefined classes and higher end-to-end delay. In this paper, a new QoS mathematical model has been proposed. This model is based on the principles of Network Calculus in which an incoming traffic flow is regulated by an arrival curve that upper bounds its rate. Then, this traffic flow is lower bounded and delayed by a service latency time at each node on its way to the destination node. The worst case end-to-end delay is derived and illustrated by a numerical example. The proposed model has achieved acceptable end-to-end delay compared with the other models.

Abstract

This paper presents the effect of corrugation geometry on the crushing behavior, energy absorption, failure mechanism, and failure mode of woven roving glass fibre/epoxy laminated composite tube. Experimental investigations were carried out on three geometrical different types of composite tubes subjected to axial and lateral compressive loadings. On the addition to a radial corrugated composite tube, cylindrical composite tube, and corrugated surrounded by cylindrical tube were fabricated and tested under the same condition in order to know the effect of corrugation geometry. The results showed that the loading carrying capability is significantly influenced by corrugation geometry in axial crushing. However, no affect of corrugation geometry was observed for lateral crushing. Load–displacement curve was plotted for all conducted tests, thus clear comparison between different specimen's geometry was achieved. It is also found that radial corrugation could significantly applicable as a stable and effective energy absorber.