( منهاج التقارب التواصلي للنص )

اللغة في جوهرها قائمة على أساس التواصل ، ولهذا لا يمكن تصور حياة بدون لغة وكذلك لا حياة بدون تواصل ، وعليه فأن هذا البحث سيحاول الوصول الى مقاربة لتحديد مفهوم هذا التواصل أو المقاربة النصية كهدف جوهري في اطار عملية تعلم اللغات الأجنبية ومن أهمها علاقة البناء الكلي للنص المكتوب الذي يتشكل من تشابك سياقات عديدة منها ما هو لغوي وما هو غير لغوي . وإذا كانت الكتابة التواصلية تحدث تبادلا بين مرسل ومستقبل فأن قارئ النص كذلك يستقبل ذات الرسائل مما يقرأ ، وهي عملية تواصلية تتأسس هي كذلك على مرسل ومستقبل ضمن ضوابط محددة ولكل منها نواياه وأهدافه من هذه العملية ، مستفيدا من كافة الإمكانيات ووسائل الإيضاح التربوية المتاحة لتحقيق ذلك ضمن منهجية علمية وإطار تربوي متكامل يراعي الجوانب النفسية والاجتماعية والأيديولوجية ومدى تأثيرها سلبا أو إيجابا على مسار العملية التربوية بأكملها.

Introduction

     L’élaboration et la définition du concept de compétence de communication, en tant qu’objectif fondamental de l’enseignement des langues étrangères, marque l’irruption de la pragmatique linguistique et l’instauration d’une approche communicative ou fonctionnelle dans ce domaine.

   L’approche communicative se manifeste au niveau de la programmation didactique (l’élaboration des contenus de l’enseignement) aussi bien qu’au niveau de la programmation méthodologique (l’élaboration des MÉTHODES, des stratégies et des techniques d’enseignement). Pour ce qui est de la programmation didactique et de l’élaboration de SYLLABUS, l’approche communicative relève d’une démarche onomasiologique qui traduit les actes de paroles et les notions en formes linguistique(R.GALISSON,1980)(1), s’opposent à la démarche sémiologique qui traduisait les formes linguistiques, choisies en fonction de leur fréquence et de leur répartition, en notions.

   La démarche communicative dans le domaine de la méthodologie préconise l’utilisation des techniques communicatives: cognitives, d’identification énonciative,« formelles »(qui font varier l’un des dimensions de la situation de communication), des techniques de créativité, des techniques et de simulation (TEODORA CRISTA, 1984)(2).

In this study, the production of ethylene and hydrogen is studied via the thermal cracking of ethylene in an ethylene plant based in Libya. During the process of thermal cracking, a mix of naphtha and steam is input into tubes that are directed to the naphtha main line. The utilization of steam is generally used because of the partial removal of coke which has undesirable effects on the process. The coke accumulation on the coils, or tubes, result in a decrease in pressure and also reduction in the yields produced. In this work, the naphtha thermal cracking process is both designed and solved numerically. A thorough comparison of the design results and the data extracted from the experiment reveal that the design may predict the overall process precisely. Also, the direct effects of CO2 are studied with regard to the accumulation of coke. Based on the results of two separate scenarios, the process of thermal cracking with the CO2 is beneficial to the overall process due to the higher yield of ethylene and propylene, and less accumulation of coke, and, in turn, less thickness on the coils inside the furnace. The results from the simulation show that the run time, or run length, of the furnace with the addition of CO2 becomes almost two times as the run time with adding steam. Based on these results, this study has proven to be worthy to explore, and the addition of CO2 has been observed to have noticeably positive results on the thermal cracking process.

This paper presents an application of a condition-monitoring system (CMS) based on a polynomial regression model (PRM) to study the influence of heat loss on a wind generator’s temperatures. Monitoring the wind generator temperatures is a significant for efficient operation, and plays a key role in an effective CMS. Many techniques, including prediction models can be utilized to reliably forecast a wind generator’s temperature during operation and avoid the occurrence of a failure. PRMs are widely used in situations when the relationship between the response and the independent variables are curve-linear. These techniques can be used to construct a normal behavior model of an electrical generator’s temperatures based on recorded data. Many independent variables affect a generator’s temperature; however, the degree of influence of each independent variable on the response is dissimilar. In many situations, adding a new independent variable to the model may cause unsatisfactory results ;therefore, the selection of the variables should be very accurate. A generator’s heat loss can be considered a significant independent variable that greatly influences the wind generator with respect to the other variables. A generator’s heat loss can be estimated in intervals by analyzing the exchange in the heat between the hot and cold fluid through the heat exchangers of wind generators. A case study built on data collected from actual measurements demonstrates the adequacy of the proposed model. 

Abstract

Fuel flexibility will drive the energy demand in the near future. The use of different syngas compositions from various sources will play a major role in the global fuel mix. CO2 in the blends will also be added as a mechanism to improve carbon capture and storage technologies. However, this can trigger instabilities such as thermoacoustics, flashback, autoignition and blowoff. In terms of blowoff, the phenomenon is still not entirely understood. This project presents a series of experiments to determine the behaviour and impact on the blowoff process at various swirl numbers, nozzle geometries and gas compositions. The Central Recirculation Zone was analyzed just before blowoff. The results show how the strength and size of the recirculation zones are highly influenced by these parameters. However, it seems that the CRZ dimensions/strength does not play an important role in the blowoff, whilst the composition of the mixture shows high correlation. Nevertheless, the CRZ intensity using these compositions can increase residence time, important for combustion improvement of other blends.

Compiler writers have developed various techniques, such as constant folding, subexpression elimination, loop transformation and vectorization, to help compilers in code optimization for performance improvement. Yet, they have been far less successful in developing techniques or cost models that compilers can rely on to simplify parallel programming and tune the performance of parallel applications automatically. This paper is the first of two-phase study to develop an analytical model that can be used to estimate the cost for sequential and parallel execution of array expressions on multicore architectures. While this paper discuss the possibility of developing a cost model to estimate the sequential execution of array expressions on a single CPU, the second part of the investigation shall focus on developing a model to estimate parallel execution of arrays on multicore platforms. The model presented in this paper is expected to be used by programming language compilers as complement component with the other model to estimate and subsequently decide whether to parallelize individual array expressions or not. The preliminary results which are presented here show that this model can give a satisfactory evaluation and high-precision estimation for the cost of executing a regular array expression on a single core processor.