This paper presents a comprehensive study of modelling human body blockage (the most critical challenges in fifth-generation (5G)) effects on indoor millimetre wave (mmWave) communication links at 32.5 GHz, a key frequency for 5G networks. Through controlled experiments in a laboratory environment, we analyse signal attenuation as a human subject obstructs the line-of-sight (LOS) path between transmitter and receiver, recording received power at incremental positions. To model the observed phenomena, we propose a hybrid framework integrating deterministic and statistical components: (1) a modified Double Knife-Edge Diffraction (DKED) model with Gaussian-shaped blockage attenuation (20.8 dB peak at full blockage) and reflection-induced signal enhancement (−15.0 dB peak from nearby objects), and (2) a log-normal shadowing component (σ = 11.8 dB) capturing environmental randomness. Our results reveal strong agreement between simulations and measurements, achieving a mean absolute error of 3.2 dB and a correlation coefficient R² = 0.89. The analysis demonstrates that human-induced diffraction dominates near the LOS centre, while multipath reflections significantly alter signal strength at peripheral positions. We further derive practical guidelines for 5G network design, recommending a 44.4 dB link budget safety margin to account for combined blockage and shadowing effects. This work advances indoor mmWaves channel modelling by unifying physics-based diffraction analysis with empirical reflection characterization, the framework achieves strong experimental validation and offers actionable insights for 5G network design

The advent of 5G networks has revolutionized wireless communications by unlocking unprecedented data rates through millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. However, the short wavelengths of mmWave signals (e.g., 32.5 GHz) make them highly vulnerable to obstructions, particularly human blockage, posing significant challenges for reliable link prediction and network planning. Existing models often oversimplify human-induced attenuation, limiting their accuracy in real-world scenarios. This work addresses this gap by proposing a cylindrical diffraction model to quantify human blockage effects at 32.5 GHz—the first application of such a model at this frequency. Through controlled experiments, we measured signal degradation as a human subject progressively blocked a 2-meter mmWave link, revealing a sharp decline in received power from −41.2 dBm (no blockage) to −69.7 dBm (full blockage). The cylindrical model demonstrated strong alignment with empirical trends, accurately capturing the nonlinear increase in attenuation as the human approached the line-of sight path. Notably, the model matched baseline measurements within 1.4 dB and predicted full-blockage loss within 7 dB of observed values, despite inherent simplifications. This study underscores the efficacy of cylindrical modelling for mmWave blockage prediction while highlighting critical refinements needed for practical deployment, such as incorporating material properties and antenna radiation patterns. By bridging theoretical and empirical insights, our work provides a foundational framework for enhancing 5G/6G network resilience in human-dense environments, ensuring robust performance for high-data-rate applications. 

ZnO thin films were deposited on stainless steel substrates using the immersion method by immersing the

substrates in a sol-gel coating solution at temperatures of 70 °C and 80 °C for varying durations of (1, 2, 3, and 4minutes).

The results indicated that increasing the immersion time significantly influenced the film thickness. Optical measurements

showed that transmittance at a wavelength of 350nm increased with higher deposition temperatures. Additionally, the

Urbach tail energy increased with temperature, whereas the band gap (Eg) decreased markedly. Furthermore, the

electrical conductivity of the ZnO films improved with increased temperature and immersion time.

A diabetic foot ulcer is one of the most significant and devastating complications of diabetes. DFU is considered a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to test the possibility of using Aloe Vera resin extract as an antibacterial agent (Libyan remedy) against isolated bacteria from a patient's foot. This study was concerned with the determination of the possible microbial cause of the diabetic foot ulcer; therefore, its design included microorganism isolation, identification, and finally, testing of the antibacterial activity of Aloe Vera resin against bacteria isolated from diabetic foot ulcers. Curiously, the results demonstrated that every antibiotic used in this experiment created inhibition zones against the bacteria that were isolated from patients' feet and had a pronounced resistance to the extract from aloe vera resin. In contrast, aloe vera resin extract created inhibition zones against bacteria isolated from healthy feet in comparison to the other widely used, well-known broad-spectrum antibiotics. The pathogen that was isolated from the patient's feet, according to our lab results, was Staphylococcus bacteria. Aloe Vera resin extract had no inhibition zones against Staphylococcus species bacteria that were collected from patient feet, which contradicted the hypothesis that Aloe Vera is a good antibacterial agent that could be used to prevent diabetic foot ulcers. Nonetheless, it demonstrated a slight antibacterial effect on normal flora foot bacteria. Bacterial resistance due to possible mutations could be the cause of this. It is also important to take into account the anti-inflammatory properties of aloe Vera resin extract.

This study critically examines the short- and long-term linkages between foreign trade volume (TVR) and sustainable development (SD) in Libya’s unique post-conflict, resource-dependent economy over the period 1990–2022. Utilising autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling, it assesses TVR’s impact on Hickel’s Sustainable Development Index (SDI) a holistic metric that goes beyond GDP by integrating crucial environmental and human well-being indicators. The results reveal a positive long-term cointegration between TVR and the SDI, primarily driven by associated growth in GDP and GDP per capita. However, this relationship remains fragile, as persistent inflation and high unemployment significantly undermine sustainability gains. Libya’s structural overreliance on hydrocarbons and chronic macroeconomic instability are identified as the core impediments to balanced progress. The study recommends a strategic pivot towards diversifying exports, stabilising macroeconomic conditions, and implementing fair labour policies to better align trade growth with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Prioritising inflation control and fostering inclusive employment are paramount to enhancing Libya’s SDI resilience.