Abstract

Gall bladder cancers, predominantly adenocarcinomas, are associated with significant malignancy and are more common in women, especially in their seventh decade of life. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence, distribution, and histopathological characteristics of gall bladder tumors, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and understanding the role of chronic cholecystitis in tumor development. A retrospective analysis was performed on 45740 surgical biopsies, including 3107 cholecystectomies, from 1994 to 2007 at Misurata Medical Center, Libya. Data collected included patient demographics, clinical details, and microscopic diagnoses. Biopsy samples were processed and stained, and histopathological evaluation was performed following standard criteria. The study showed a female predominance in gall bladder tumors with a female: male ratio of 3:1. Most tumors were adenocarcinomas (83.33%), with high and moderate differentiation being the most frequent. Tumor diagnoses were most prevalent in the 51-65 age group. The majority of tumors were diagnosed at advanced stages (3 and 4). Tumor invasion was common, with 75% showing perivascular, intravascular, or perineural involvement. Chronic cholecystitis was observed in more than two-thirds of the tumor cases. Chronic inflammation is closely linked to gallbladder carcinogenesis, with most tumors diagnosed at advanced stages due to vague symptoms and aggressive behavior. Early detection and multidisciplinary approaches are vital to improve outcomes, especially in high-risk groups.

Abstract

Microscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal biopsies remains a challenge in surgical pathology, involving both neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes. This study aims to analyze the prevalence, histopathological features, and grading of gastrointestinal (GIT) tumors in biopsies collected over 12.5 years at Misurata Medical Center, Libya, while assessing demographic patterns and the correlation of Helicobacter pylori infection with gastric malignancies. A total of 753 GIT biopsies were retrospectively analyzed from 1995 to 2007. Clinical data, including age, sex, and microscopic diagnoses, were documented. Biopsies underwent histopathological evaluation using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software to explore relationships between neoplastic lesions and demographic factors. Non-neoplastic diseases accounted for 559 cases, which constitute 74.24% of the total cases, while neoplastic lesions were identified in 194 cases (25.76%). with a statistically significant predominance of malignant tumors (68.6%) over benign ones (31.4%, p<0.001). A slight male predominance was observed in overall biopsies (52.2%), with the 61-70 age group showing the highest frequency (17.4%). Well-differentiated tumors were more common, correlating with better prognoses. The TNM staging analysis revealed a concerning trend toward late-stage diagnoses, particularly in stomach and colorectal cancers. The investigation into Helicobacter pylori positivity indicated a complex relationship with gastric malignancies, warranting further research. The findings reflect a high burden of GIT malignancies during the study period, with late-stage diagnosis and limited diagnostic resources. These results underscore the need for improved screening programs, early detection efforts, and enhanced diagnostic infrastructure in Libya. The study underscores the importance of understanding the multifactorial influences of Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer development.

This study aimed to assess surface contamination levels of children’s playground equipment in two public parks in AL-Zawiya City, Libya (Jdayem Park and AL-Zawiya Park), using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence monitoring. The equipment surveyed included plastic slides, metal slides, iron swings, plastic swings, and rope swings. A total of 24 samples were collected from these surfaces using standardized ATP swabs, and results were classified based on established RLU thresholds (<100 RLU: clean, 100–300 RLU: marginally contaminated, >300 RLU: contaminated). The results revealed significant variability across equipment and surface types. The highest contamination level was observed on the iron swing at Jdayem Park (21–416 RLU), while the lowest levels were recorded on rope swings in AL-Zawiya Park (11–25 RLU). Plastic surfaces and rope swings generally exhibited lower contamination compared to metal surfaces, suggesting that surface material and design, combined with usage frequency, play a pivotal role in contamination accumulation. These findings align with previous studies that highlight the role of surface characteristics and environmental exposure in influencing microbial load. The results underscore the urgent need for targeted cleaning, disinfection, and regular quality

.monitoring of public playground equipment to maintain a safe, hygienic, and child-friendly recreational environment

In this study, the morphological and thermal properties of a blend consisting of 75% polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and

25% low-density polyethylene (LDPE), reinforced with nano-refractory bricks (NRB) at varying ratios (1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%),

were prepared and investigated. The objective was to enhance the blend’s thermal stability and surface structure homogeneity.

The morphological structure of the prepared samples was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray

diffraction (XRD). The obtained images revealed that the nano-refractory brick particles remained predominantly within the

PVC phase, resulting in an increased composite density without significantly affecting the LDPE phase. This suggests that the

overall morphology of the composite is largely unaffected by the presence of the nano-refractory bricks. From a thermal

perspective, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) was conducted on all samples from room temperature up to 600 °C at a

heating rate of 10 °C/min. FTIR and TGA results indicated that the decomposition onset temperature shifted to higher values

due to the presence of nano-refractory bricks, with the most pronounced shift observed in the sample containing 3%

reinforcement. Additionally, the rate of mass loss was reduced. These findings demonstrate that reinforcing the PVC/LDPE

blend with nano-refractory bricks improves its performance, making it more suitable for applications that demand enhanced

thermal and mechanical properties, such as those in the construction and electronics industries.

Resonance occurs when the operating frequency of a system aligns with its natural frequency, resulting in amplified vibration amplitudes. To prevent potential damage and ensure optimal performance of a compressor's base frame at Souq Al-Khamis Cement Factory, researchers found the resonance in has been occurred when both the natural frequencies and rotating frequency were overlapped. Resonant Vibration in the base frames arises when the rotating vibration frequency aligns with the frame’s natural modes that leads to structural instability, fault unplanned shutdowns and production losses. This study analyzes resonant vibration in a cement factory compressor base frame and proposes a redesign using finite element methods to mitigate this issue. Four distinct modifications were made to the base frame on its shape, weight and boundary conditions: the first introduces fixed points to enhance rigidity, the second adds supports for increased stability, the third incorporates elements to improve durability, and the fourth enhances the thickness of the compressor. The results indicate that the redesigned configuration most effectively mitigates resonance and improves the system's natural frequency response.

The progressive deterioration of flexible pavements, driven by increasing traffic loads, environmental influences, and material aging, necessitates the implementation of effective structural reclamation strategies to restore functional performance and extend service life. This study focuses on a critical segment of the Libyan coastal road network, specifically the 27.5 km part from Tripoli Street Bridge to Al-Krarim Gate. An analytical and quantitative investigation is undertaken to evaluate the structural condition and rehabilitation potential of the existing flexible pavement system, with particular attention to distress mechanisms, material degradation, and the effectiveness of various rehabilitation techniques. The assessment integrates field investigations, laboratory testing, based on AASHTO 1993, and to evaluate pavement distress, base soil strength, and asphalt concrete layers performance; Pavement Condition Index (PCI) values and core sample analyses are employed to determine the extent of structural failure. Visual distress surveys supplement the data to provide a comprehensive understanding of surface and sub-surface conditions. Analytical modeling, based on layered elastic theory is used to simulate pavement response under rehabilitated conditions and forecast long-term performance under loading. The study examines several rehabilitation methods, including full-depth reclamation (FDR), cold in-place recycling (CIR), and mechanical stabilization using cementitious additives. Each method is evaluated based on structural capacity enhancement, cost-efficiency, and service life extension. Results demonstrate that the selection of reclamation techniques tailored to subgrade conditions and traffic loads significantly improves structural performance and minimizes maintenance needs. The study concludes that full-depth repaving offers the most sustainable and economically viable solution for restoring the targeted roadway section.

Countries located in temperate, hot and arid climates, such as Libya, face the critical need to cool houses whose internal temperatures rise due to these climatic conditions. This can be achieved by employing proper insulation techniques to prevent heat gain from solar radiation (insolation). This paper addresses the impact of not implementing thermal insulation for the roof of a building, in contrast to other external parts of the structure. The temperature distribution in a single-story building was studied using finite element analysis (FEA), along with how the building absorbs heat from its surroundings during a sunny day. The thermal analysis was conducted on a 3D concrete building with walls made of concrete masonry blocks, a floor height of 3.20 meters, and a total area of 40 square meters, using ANSYS 2020 R2 software. The building model includes thermal insulation for the external envelope, but the roof and openings remain uninsulated (as is often the case with home insulation practices in Libya). The finite element method is widely used due to its high effectiveness in simulation and achieving accurate results. The analysis results demonstrated the heat distribution gained from insolation, as well as variations in the rates of heat transfer from the building's exterior to its interior. The findings showed that neglecting the thermal insulation of the roof and window openings leads to an approximate 70% increase in the building's internal temperature. Furthermore, the results clearly indicated that insulating the building's walls alone is insufficient to prevent overheating. This provides a sufficient understanding of the prioritization required in applying insulation layers for buildings located in hot climates.

This paper addresses the critical challenge of human-induced signal attenuation in millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications, a key concern for fifth-generation (5G) network reliability in indoor environments. Our study introduces a simplified model to quantify the impact of human body blockage on indoor communication links at a frequency of 32.5 GHz., a frequency relevant to 5G systems. The influence of nearby scattering objects is investigated through experimental measurements involving a human body. Key wave propagation phenomena, including diffraction, are considered for each scattering object. The Double Knife-Edge Diffraction (DKED) model is used to estimate the attenuation caused by the human body (to estimate blockage losses). Through controlled experiments with human subjects, we systematically analyze how scattering objects and body positioning influence signal propagation. The model's performance is validated by comparing simulation results with experimental data. The findings show that the proposed model effectively predicts signal attenuation in indoor environments, providing valuable insights for future studies on human presence effects in fifth-generation (5G) communication systems. Keywords: 5G, DKED, diffraction, human shadowing, millimeter-wave, blockage.

-This paper examines the effect of human body blockage on signal propagation (millimeter-wave (mmWave) signal propagation) in indoor environments links at 32.5 GHz (a critical frequency for fifth-generation (5G) network), with a particular focus on the diffraction effects caused by the human body, where diffraction is one of the important wave propagation mechanisms. In this study, measurements were taken to assess the effect of the human body as it moves between the transmitter and the receiver. To predict the signal attenuation, the principles of Fresnel diffraction were utilized, particularly emphasizing complex Fresnel integrals. Our results show that the received power varies significantly based on the person’s position, as diffraction loss highly depends on the body’s location. This study enhances our understanding of how human-induced diffraction, is critical for designing more reliable wireless networks. As the findings demonstrate that the proposed model effectively predicts signal attenuation in indoor environments and emphasizes the importance of accounting for human interference when optimizing communication systems, thus supporting the effective deployment of 5G technology.