This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory and lethal effects of root extracts of the Wild Rue plant (Peganum harmala L.) against the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani under laboratory conditions. Two types of extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) were used at concentrations of (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The results indicated that the effectiveness increased proportionally with the concentration. The inhibition rate of the aqueous extract reached 64.8% at a concentration of 20%, while the alcoholic extract was significantly superior, reaching 84% at the same concentration. Statistical analysis confirmed highly significant differences between concentrations (P < 0.001) as determined by one-way ANOVA, while two-way ANOVA showed extract type, concentration, and their interaction were significant factors, explaining approximately 85% of the total variance. The study concluded that the alcoholic extract is more effective than the aqueous one in inhibiting R. solani, making it a promising option for fungal control as a safe alternative to chemical pesticides.

This study aims to identify solutions for the early failure of roads in Libya due to the lack of a pavement management system and an effective load weighing system. The coastal highway in the city of Misrata was taken as a case study, which has high traffic volumes, especially heavy vehicles. The companies involved in the road's reconstruction provided data on average yearly temperatures and the physical properties of the construction materials, This included the modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for both the asphalt mix and the soil used, The design for traffic volumes was based on ESALs reaching 24 M.S.A which is the calculated value for this road. , the ESALS were increased by 5 M.S.A and designed by using  PerRoad program, for perpetual pavement method, and the mechanical experimental method. After the design, both methodologies were compared, and the effect of increasing the number of axles and ESALs on the thickness of the asphalt layers was studied, The results showed that the design of this road using the perpetual pavement method is not affected by the increase in the number of axles and ESALs, which is suitable for achieving a design life of up to 50 years without being affected by the increase in ESALs. The asphalt layers were 25cm thick, while the subgrade layer was 20 cm thick, On the other hand, the mechanical experimental showed a clear impact from the increase in the number of axles and ESALs, as the thickness of the asphalt layer increased from 19 cm to 28 cm, and the thickness of the subgrade layer increased from 30 cm to 40 cm. This design achieves a lifespan of 20 years. The study also indicated that for designs with 15 M.S.A and above, the traditional design is considered over-designed, and the use of permanent pavement is preferred. As for the design of this road, the permanent pavement method was adopted

The examination of the flow instability is crucial in nuclear reactors to prevent the occurrence of flow excursion during a postulated accident. Instabilities can reduce the safety margins against these critical heat flux phenomena, where the fuel cladding surface temperature increases dramatically. In this paper, flow instability is investigated at the reactor of Tajoura Nuclear Research Centre with low enriched uranium (LEU) core, the recent reactor’s fuel assembly type is IRT-4M. The flow instability is assessed at the hottest cell of the reactor by implementing PLTEMP/ANL code.

The safety margin to flow instability is evaluated at the maximum power of the reactor (9.7 MW) by running the code at various core flow rates to find the point where FIR equals 1. The inlet coolant temperature is 45°C, the core pressure drop is 0.066 MPa, and the inlet pressure is 0.179 MPa. At the beginning, the calculations have been obtained at the flow rate of 8.1 kg/s. The results show that the maximum cladding surface temperature is 96.971°C which is less than the permissible value (102°C), the minimum FIR, ONBR, and DNBR equals to 2.034, 1.559, and 4.147, respectively. By reducing the core flow rate at the maximum power level, it is determined that FIR equals to 1.0 at the flow rate of 3.976 kg/s. Which means that the safety margin value to flow instability is 2.038. It is concluded from the safety margin value to flow instability that it is in agreement with the thermal-hydraulic safety requirements of TNRC’s reactor. 

Gas flaring is a major source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in oil-producing countries and remains an acute environmental challenge in Libya. The country’s instability has repeatedly disrupted oil and gas operations, leading to highly volatile flaring behavior and complicating long-term mitigation efforts. This study applies time-series forecasting to model and project per-capita CO2 emissions from gas flaring in Libya using two forecasting frameworks: Exponential Smoothing with additive trend (ETS) and an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, based on annual data from 1967 to 2024. Comparative model evaluation shows that ARIMA outperforms ETS, achieving a root mean squared error of 0.373 and a mean absolute error of 0.327, compared to 0.406 and 0.367 for ETS. Baseline ARIMA forecasts project emissions of 1.27tCO2 capita −1 by 2030, remaining well above the near-zero flaring threshold of approximately approximately 0.05tCO2 capita −1. Scenario analysis shows that attaining this target would require an average annual reduction of approximately 44% starting from 2024, far exceeding historical reduction rates observed during 1967-2024. These results indicate that, under current trends, Libya is unlikely to achieve zero routine flaring by 2030 without substantial structural, infrastructural, and regulatory intervention.

The reliable operation of power plants is essential for the continuity of modern societies. The South Tripoli Power Plant in Libya plays a crucial role within the national power grid. However, it faces significant challenges, including frequent operational failures, aging infrastructure, and ineffective maintenance practices, all of which compromise its reliability and escalate operational costs. This research is motivated by the urgent need to improve maintenance strategies in accordance with documented failure patterns, thereby establishing a comprehensive framework for effective maintenance planning. To address these challenges, a maintenance optimization framework has been developed that integrates Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) with Fuzzy Logic techniques to enhance decision making processes regarding maintenance. Furthermore, a fuzzy FMECA framework has been designed to categorize maintenance strategies, thereby facilitating data driven maintenance planning. The contributions of this research are aimed at improving plant reliability, reducing the incidence of unplanned outages, and ensuring the sustainable performance of energy infrastructure.

This study presents a taxonomic note on Fagonia isotricha Murb.

(Zygophyllaceae), a species recorded in Libya and currently treated as a taxonomic

synonym of Zygophyllum mayanum. Global taxonomic databases, such as those

curated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and World Flora Online, recognize this

taxon as part of the Libyan flora under its currently accepted nomenclature.

This study provides field-based and morphological documentation of populations

observed in the Ariggiba region (southern Libya), and discusses their taxonomic

placement within the Fagonia–Zygophyllum complex. Herbarium specimens were

collected, examined, and deposited, supporting the occurrence of this taxon in the

Libyan flora