Vehicle safety and control is attracting attention increasingly in an attempt to improve the stability and manoeuvrability of vehicles. Three degrees of freedom vehicle dynamic model (called planar vehicle model) is established. Based on theories of fuzzy PID control and neural network based-Controller, controller of vehicle stability is designed by using the method of direct yaw rate control and the two different control strategies. The controllers were compared under one road condition which is a lane change of manoeuvre. By comparing and analyzing the control effect of fuzzy PID control and neural network based-Controller, the result shows as follows: the two controllers improved the yaw rate to follow the reference yaw rate but, using the fuzzy PID controller gave a better and closer path for the desired path of yaw rate compared to using of the neural network controller.

The role of email is becoming more and more important and email is considered one of the most effective tools of communication and correspondence nowadays. This research paper investigates the use of etiquette by Libyan EFL postgraduate students in writing formal emails. The aim is to shed light on the situation and determine to what extent Libyan EFL postgraduate students adhere to the rules of etiquette in their formal emails. Another aim is to try to find out if there are any problems, they face in this respect in order to find better ways that may help in dealing with them. To fulfill these aims, 39 students were asked to send a formal email to their instructor (the researcher) of subjects of their own choice. However, only 34 emails were received. The results have shown that the majority of the students who have participated in the study are aware of the overall structure and organization of emails written in formal style. However, examining details have shown that students face some problems that are not only related to style, but also to language and culture. It was apparent from the emails investigated that students lack practice and experience in writing formal emails. To overcome these difficulties, teachers are advised to raise their students’ awareness of the importance of using formal emails as a means of communication and to provide them with sufficient practice by regularly using formal email in their correspondence with their teachers. Students also need to be aware of the inter-linguistic and cultural differences; what might be acceptable and favorable in Arabic may lead to miscommunication problems when used in English.

This coursebook is designed to satisfy the need for a coursebook that is suitable for the university level. It is a practical book which introduces syntactic concepts in a simple way and which gives a chance to students of syntax to understand these concepts through practice by doing related exercises. It is based on my experience of teaching syntax to university students for several years. 

The sequencing and the grading of material from simple topics to more difficult ones makes it easier to understand and grasp the ideas discussed. For example, Unit One is an introductory unit where syntax as a subject is clarified and where analysis approaches and methods of representations that will be used throughout the book are introduced and explained. Unit Two discusses the internal structure of clauses and phrases. It is only after a thorough understanding of these constituents has been ensured through illustrations and practice that the functions of these constituents are introduced in a separate unit, i.e. Unit three.  

   This book has been written to satisfy the need for a practical guide for MA Libyan students which takes them step by step in the process of writing a research proposal. It is the outcome of years of experience in teaching a ‘proposal writing seminar’ subject to postgraduates in the English department in the University of Zawia. However, we believe it will be useful for all MA students in the Libyan academic institutions who write their proposals in the English language.

    The book is not meant to teach the students the methodology of writing research which is presumably should have been dealt with in a separate subject and which is considered a prerequisite for writing a proposal. Thus, in order for students to benefit much from this book, they should be first acquainted with the terminology, procedure and methodology of writing their research which will facilitate their understanding of the process of writing their proposals. 

In this paper we want to describe the algorithm to find all good starting points for

iteration of 𝑁𝑝(𝑧) to find all the roots of 𝑝(𝑧) by quick and easy way. So in this paper

we have proved that all critical points go to the roots under iteration of Newton’s

function then it will be the good starting points for iteration of 𝑁𝑝(𝑧) .

In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted including testing of the capabilities of composite material as an energy absorber. Composite plate specimens with different corrugation profile have been fabricated and tested under the same condition. The corrugated profiles are: sinusoidal, triangle, and square shape. All these specimens were made of glass fibers using hand layup technique. The corrugated plates are subjected to quasi-static compression load. In addition to that same kind of tested specimens have been modeled and tested using Finite Element Method (FEM). Theoretical and experimental results in a form of energy absorption and specific energy have been recorded. It is found that results of theoretical and experimental tests are almost exactly identical. It has been observed that composite plate with square profile recorded the highest energy absorption and specific energy for theoretical as well as experimental tests.

This paper is devoted to study the effect of crashing of vehicles with concrete blocks that placed around lighting poles. Unexpected dangers takes place if crashing occurs. It may cause death of the driver and passengers, or severe injuries. In order to minimize or eliminate this risk, a system made of corrugated composite material plates have been designed to replace the concrete blocks around lighting poles. This system is made of reinforced fiber glass and it is modeled to crash with a model of car exactly similar to the real one, forming a simulation of car accident. Modeling process takes place using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). ANSYS software utilized for this purpose. Simulation was performed at three different speeds of the vehicle. Results obtained have been recorded in a form of deformed mesh, and contours. The results proved that the new designed system is working perfectly and it has the ability to absorb impact energy caused by car accident. Therefore, by using composite material instead of concrete, risk of death and injuries will minimized or completely eliminated.

 On assiste de nos jours à une disparition progressive de l'écriture dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère, pour donner la primauté à la communication orale. Il s'en est suivi que, lors des examens écrits, les apprenants font preuve de mauvaises habitudes de pensée: sujets mal saisis, plans de composition flou, argumentation faible, voire incohérente, expression hésitante et imprécise. Ajoutons à cela la manière maladroite quand ils font un résumé de texte, un compte rendu de lecture, un commentaire de texte ou une contraction de texte. Mais, dans l'enseignement de toute langue- maternelle ou étrangère- l'écrit doit faire partie intégrante de l'éducation au langage. C'est justement ce dont on s'est aperçu il y a très peu de temps et qui a déterminé, comme il était prévisible, que l'oral ne tyrannise plus intégralement les classes de français langue étrangère. Sous l'influence de l'approche communicative, un nouvel équilibre sembles s'établir, en perspective, entre les divers "skills" de l'apprentissage, qui ont été longtemps artificiellement cloisonnés. La communication écrite commence à y retrouver une place, limitée certes pour l'instant, mais bien intégrée dans le processus d'apprentissage. L'écrit sous son double aspect- réception et production- lecture et écriture- jouit actuellement d'un regain d'intérêt en didactiques des langues étrangères. Les nouvelles approches de l'écrit s'inscrivent dans le renouveau général théorique et méthodologique, enrichissent des acquis de la sociolinguistique, de la psycholinguistique, de la pragmatique linguistique et littéraire, de l'approche communicative en didactique. 1 Sans revenir à l'opposition normative traditionnelle écrit/oral, qui envisageait l'écrit comme domaine de la belle langue, unique modèle à suivre, on s'attache à dégager la spécificité du code écrit par rapport au code oral dont il ne constitue pas, comme on a pu le soutenir, la simple et imparfaite transcription