Abstract::

The growing urgency for sustainable construction practices has necessitated a reevaluation of traditional design approaches in favor of more environmentally responsible methodologies. This paper presents a comparative analysis between optimal and adequate structural design within the context of sustainable construction. Focusing on two case studies—a cutting-edge, sustainably designed commercial building (the Bullitt Center) and a conventional mid-rise residential building in Chicago—the research explores how different design philosophies impact material efficiency, environmental footprint, economic performance, and occupant satisfaction.Through detailed life cycle assessments (LCA) and life cycle energy analyses (LCEA), the study quantifies the advantages of optimal design, which integrates advanced materials, renewable energy systems, and water conservation technologies. The findings demonstrate that while optimal design requires a higher initial investment, it significantly reduces long-term operational costs and environmental impact, achieving a net-zero energy status and greatly improving occupant well-being. In contrast, the conventional building, which adheres to standard design practices, exhibits higher embodied energy, greater environmental degradation, and lower occupant satisfaction.The paper concludes that optimal structural design is not only more sustainable but also economically viable over the building's life span. It emphasizes the importance of integrating sustainability from the earliest stages of design to achieve meaningful environmental and economic benefits. The study calls for the adoption of policy incentives and advanced modeling tools to facilitate the widespread implementation of optimal design principles in the construction industry.

Abstract:

Background: Oxidative stress is a key factor in the neurodegenerative disorder. Free radicals may play an important role. Nitric oxide may be implicated in neurotoxicity by a reaction with superoxide, which forms a highly toxic peroxynitrite radical.

Aim: This research aimed to investigate the role of nitric oxide in neuronal damage through Immunohistochemical study.

Material and method: The experiment was divided into 9 groups, each group containing 6 rats selected randomly. Group 1: control normal saline. Group 2: Aβ(1-42). Group 3: L-arginine. Group 4: L-NAME. Group 5: 7-nitroindazole Group 6: donepezil. Group 7: donepezil+ L-arginine. Group 8: donepezil+ L-NAME. Group 9: donepezil+7-nitroindazole. Neurotoxicity was induced by injection of Aβ(1-42) into the rat entorhinal cortex of all animals except the control normal saline group. After the end of the experiment brain was removed quickly for histopathological study.

Results: Aβ(1-42) significantly elevated COX-2 level when compared with control. when compared with Aβ treated rats, L-arginine, L-NAME, 7-nitroindazole and donepezil separately did not improve the changes in COX-2 level. The combination of donepezil with 7-NI is back to normal.

Conclusion: we concluded that NO plays a central role in neurotoxicity and the regulation of NO level is the key to stability and prevention of neurodegenerative disorder.

Keywords: Oxidative stress, Neuroinflammation, Beta amyloid, L- NAME, Donepezil, L-arginine, Nitric oxide, 7-nitroindazole.

Abstract: In this study, we introduce a novel approach to the solution of a nonlinear Volterra -Fredholm integral equations by applying the Adomian decomposition method under the effect of the Abaoub- Shkheam transform. We demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of the solution in Banach space and illustrate this idea with an example.

This paper investigates the resonance phenomenon and modal characteristics of a screw air compressor base frame in the cement manufacturing industry. Numerical analysis and data comparison techniques were used to identify and analyze the resonance issue in a specific compressor at Souq Al-Khamis Cement Factory. The research begins by studying the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the compressor base frame through Finite Element Method (FEM) using the ANSYS Workbench. Practical measurements are conducted using the PHYPHOX App Vibration Analyzer to obtain vibration data from the compressor. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the resonance phenomenon in screw air compressors and provide valuable insights for improving the design and maintenance of compressor base frames in the cement manufacturing industry. By identifying the relationship between excitation frequencies and natural frequencies, measures can be taken to mitigate resonance-related vibration problems and ensure the reliable operation of cement production equipment.

Blades are the very important components of wind turbines in order to convert wind energy to mechanical or electrical energy. Therefore, the aerodynamic forces acting on the horizontal wind turbine blades have an important role in their performance. The objective of this paper is to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics and power generation properties for a NREL PHASE VI wind turbine blade. For this purpose, an analysis procedure based on the Blade Element Method (BEM) is demonstrated for a horizontal-axis wind turbine model (HAWT), and the methodology approach is discussed in detail throughout this paper. In this study, a Math Lab code has been developed for analyzing a model of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) in order to display aerodynamic behaviour on the blade. The NACA S809 airfoil was selected for the analysis of the wind turbine blade, where the tip and root losses proposed by Prandtl are also executed. The calculated results are validated using Q-Blade commercial software at rated wind speed of 10 m/s and show that the BEM is a good method of aerodynamic investigation of a HAWT blade