Abstract

Objective: The manual counting of gram stained bacteria examined under a microscope becomes difficult when a large number of bacterial cells exist in a microscopic field. The present study was aimed to ease this problem by applying ImageJ software to counting of gram stained bacteria.

Method: This experiment was conducted on Elmergib university, faculty of pharmacy laboratories (Al-Khoms city- Libya). In this study, a microscopic image of a gram stained bacterial cells captured using a student’s smartphone, treated and the bacterial cells were then easily and automatically counted using ImageJ.

Results: According to ImageJ reading, the total number of bacterial particles appeared in the field of a microscopic image were 332 cells.

Conclusion: Direct staining and visualization of organisms for counting can benefit greatly from the use of ImageJ software. This method is less expensive, less contamination and less laborious than other methods and is more rapid and reproducible than counting using manual microscopy methods.

Keywords: ImageJ, Bacterial cells, Automated cell counting

Since the two countries have gained independence from Britain in 1947, the two countries entered into four wars, costing billions of dollars, and disrupting development in both countries. The issue of Kashmir, which is at the core of the conflict between the two countries, was reflected in the nature of the conflict. It increased tension and rivalry between India and Pakistan, created an arms race and the two countries possessed weapons of mass destruction. The Indian-Pakistani conflict revolves around the following reasons: the location of Kashmir, which represents the strategic depth of both countries, religious and ideological differences, and cultural identity.

Keywords, Rivalry, dispute, India, Pakistan, Kashmir, culture identity

2017 and 2018 at Beni-Suef governorate. Samples from diseased cattle, previously SPPV vaccinated with SPPV, were inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) using chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) route. Histopathological examination of the inoculated CAMs showed large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies characteristic for LSDV. Characteristic pock lesions were observed after the 1st passage and become clear after the third passage and become clearly observed 4 days post inoculation. For molecular identification, DNA was extracted from a pool of the infected CAMs. Two pairs of primers specific for LSDV including one flanking a 554 bp product of the G gene and second flanking 172 of the RP030 gene were used. In conclusion, LSDV infections have been detected and the virus has been isolated and identified by PCR from cattle previously vaccinated with SPPV vaccine during the summer of 2018

In this article, we propose a new method to construct many new exact solutions with

parameters for the generalized KdV–mKdV (GKdV–mKdV) equation with higher-

order nonlinear terms. The proposed method is a generalization of the well-known( G′

G , 1

G

)

-expansion method in the case of the hyperbolic function solutions. Also, we

use a direct algebraic method based on the generalized Liénard equation to find other

diffrent new exact solutions of the above GKdV–mKdV equation. Soliton solutions,

periodic solutions, rational functions solutions, hyperbolic functions solutions and

symmetrical hyperbolic Lucas functions solutions are obtained. Comparing our new

results obtained in this article with the well-known results are given. The generalized( G′

G , 1

G

)

-expansion method presented in this article is straightforward, concise and it

can also be applied to other nonlinear partial differential equations in mathematical

physics.

virulence. Larval mortality was dose dependent for all EPN species. When using a dose of 100 infective juveniles (IJs) per larva, H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae caused 90%-100% mortality, whereas H. downesi and S. feltiae caused only 40%-60% mortality. Even when using 200 IJs/larva, H. megidis and S. kraussei caused a maximum of 30%-40% mortality. Some of the invasive EPNs were melanized, suggesting a strong humoral defense response by the Aedes larvae. The degree of melanization was quite variable; some EPNs were totally enveloped in a melanin sheath while others were partially coated with melanin. Melanization did not stop the EPN from multiplying and killing the Aedes larvae. IJs released from infected larvae would have the potential to infect healthy mosquito larvae. Also, both bacterial supernatant and bacterial cell suspension of Xenorhabdus nematophila caused >91% larval mortality after 48 h, whereas only the bacterial cell suspension of Photorhabdus laumondii was effective against the mosquito larvae. These data provides useful information on the potential use of EPNs and/or formulated bacterial cell suspensions in the control of the important urban and container-breeding mosquito, Ae. aegypti, and are a starting point for future simulated and actual field studies.

Keywords

Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) ingestion, Aedes aegypti, symbiotic bacteria, H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae