Le dictionnaire propose les synonymes: mesure, estimation, calcul, appréciation, etc. Autant de termes relevant de deux ordres antagonistes: celui de la précision et celui de l'approximation. Les dictionnaires spécialisés opposent, quant à eux, une évaluation donnée comme mesure du degré de conformité à une norme, d'une part, du degré d'atteinte d'objectifs, d'autre part. Cette opposition mène aux notions modernes d'évaluation sommative et formative. L'évaluation n'a pas que la fonction de faire le point, mais beaucoup plus, celle de diagnostiquer l'activité d'enseignement /apprentissage, d'en pronostiquer le déroulement ultérieur et les résultats possibles. Elle est une composante intrinsèque de l'acte pédagogique, permettant de juger à la fois l'activité des élèves et celle de l'enseignant, d'en constater les lacunes et les erreurs. Partie intégrante de l'enseignement, fonctionnant à tous ses niveaux, l'évaluation est une activité destinée à mesurer, avec une précision et avec une objectivité qu'on souhaite maximales, les résultats obtenus: - par un individu, une population d'individus en situation d'apprentissage; - par la mise en œ

Evaluation can be defined as a process of determining the significance of a research output. This is usually done by devising a well-structured study on this output using one or more evaluation measures in which a careful inspection is performed. This paper presents a review of evaluation techniques for Conversational Agents (CAs) and Natural Language Interfaces to Databases (NLIDBs). It then introduces the developed customized evaluation methodology for Conversation-Based Interface to Relational Databases (C-BIRDs). The evaluation methodology created has been divided into two groups of measures. The first is based on quantitative measures, including two measures: task success and dialogue length. The second group is based on a number of qualitative measures, including: prototype ease of use, naturalness of system responses, positive/negative emotion, appearance, text on screen, organization of information, and error message clarity. Then an elaboration is carried out on the devised methodology by adding a discussion and recommendations on the sample size, the experimental setup and the scaling in order to provide a comprehensive evaluation methodology for C-BIRDs. In conclusion the evaluation methodology created is better way for identifying the strengths and weaknesses of C-BIRDs in comparison to the usage of single measure evaluations.

Currently, ionic liquids (ILs) have apprehended considerable attention as greener substitutions to volatile organic compounds. In this work, duplicate 1-methyl-2-(butyl-4-sulfonate) pyrazolium hydrogensulfate (MSBPHSO₄) were synthesized by two different methods. It is observed that IL2 is significantly less stable and more viscous than IL1. To assess their catalytic actions, each IL was explored individually for in-situ transesterifying of Ricinus Communis seeds. Under similar reaction conditions, the percentage of methyl esters obtained from in-situ transesterification catalyzed by IL1 and IL2 were 88.5 and 76%, respectively. Hence, the use of IL free halide has the opportunity to achieve high esters content. At investigated optimal conditions with increasing the temperatures beyond 120 °C, in contrast to IL1, IL2 led to significant drop in the product yields. This phenomenon means that higher temperatures offer greater …

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A floristic survey of Sedrores Al-Qawasim mountains in Gharyan district - Libya was conducted in two consecutive growing seasons from 01/04/2018 to 01/6/2019. In this study area, a total number of 320 plant species belonging to 214 genera were collected representing 44 families, of which 39 families and 276 species belonging to dicotyledons, and 5 families and 44 species are belonging to monocotyledons. The results showed the dominance of the family Asteraceae with 60 species, followed by the family Fabaceae with 32 species, then the family Poaceae with 29 species. The results showed the dominance of the (Euphorbia genus) with 7 species, followed by Helianthenum, Plantago and Erodium with 6 species each. Moreover, life-form spectrum analysis showed the predominance of therophytes with 210, followed by Hemicryptophytes with 59 species, while chorotype spectrum analysis showed the dominance of Mediterranian species with 151 species, followed by Mediterrean/Iranu-Turanean with 72 species. 

Shhoob Mohamed imhmed Elahmir, Mohammed H. Mahklouf, Mahmood B. Shanta, Hisham Ali Abo -Jaafer, (07-2020), كندا: J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology, 1 (8), 1-10