Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate quality factors that are absolutely essential for successful implementation of total quality management (TQM) in Libyan oil and gas companies (LOGCs). Design/methodology/approach – In all, 11 quality factors with 42 elements were identified to develop a questionnaire to carry out the survey in order to identify the quality factors that are seen by LOGCs to be critical to the success of TQM implementation. In total, 45 questionnaires were provided by hand to quality-related managers from the Libyan oil and gas sector. A total of 42 were returned sufficiently completed, that gave us a response rate of approximately 93.33 per cent. Findings – The empirical analysis demonstrates several key findings: the analysis indicated that 24 quality factors are found to be critical and absolutely essential for successful TQM implementation. These factors classify into three levels of criticality. All of the factors were found to be supported by similar studies and cited literatures. Research limitations/implications – The research is subject to the normal limitations of survey research. The study is using perceptual data provided by quality managers and engineers which may not provide clear picture. It may be suitable to consider gathering information from various stakeholders such as employees, customers, suppliers and even competitors. However, this can be overcome using multiple methods to collect data in future studies. Interestingly, the findings here may be generalisable outside Libya, i.e. South Mediterranean countries. Practical implications – LOGCs should consider TQM as an innovative tool for improving business performance in today’s competitive environment. The findings suggest that the TQM critical success factors should be implemented completely as a whole package rather than on a fragmented basis to get the full potential of the TQM. Originality/value – The study investigate the critical quality factors for successful TQM implementation which will direct an organisation towards business excellence and enhancing success of TQM practices in the oil and gas sector. Very few studies have been performed to investigate and understand this issue. Therefore, the research can make a useful contribution

The demand for economical steels has increased over past years. Steels are expected to have as lean chemistry as

possible and to be easier to fabricate. At the same time they are expected to have properties at least equal to steels which

are being substituted. These demands have been, at least in part, met by V microalloyed medium carbon forging steels

in order to substitute traditional quenched and tempered (Q+T) steels. In spite of some lower toughness, V microalloyed

medium carbon forging steels broaden its application due to considerable energy save by eliminating the heat treatment

from the production route. During continuous cooling, dominantly acicular ferrite microstructure is formed. Main

characteristics of acicular ferrite are intragranular nucleation and strongly disorganized microstructure with a larger

ability to deflect cracks. Acicular ferrite is, therefore, widely recognized to be a desirable microstructure due to good

mechanical properties [5]. On the other hand, generally, data related to isothermal decomposition seems to be lacking.

Therefore, the aim of the present study is to clarify the influence of transformation temperature and time on austenite

isothermal decomposition in V-microalloyed forging steels.

The role of technology is becoming more and more important in the different aspects of our life, and its role in ELT is no exception. An example of the application of technology in ELT is email, which is considered one of the most effective tools of communication nowadays. The paper investigates the application of email in thesis supervision in Libya taking the Department of English at the University of Zawia and its counterpart in the School of Languages at the Libyan Academy as examples. The aim is to shed light on the situation and determine to what extent Libyan supervisors and supervisees benefit from email as one of the modern technological tools in facilitating their work. Another aim is to try to specify the problems they face in this respect in order to find better ways that may help in dealing with them. To fulfill these aims, two questionnaires were designed; one for supervisors and the other for supervisees. These questionnaires sought answers to the main research question: To what extent do supervisors and supervisees use email in their communication with each other and for what purpose. The results show that half of the participating supervisors do not use email in their supervision. Similarly, half of the supervisees investigated were found not to be using email to communicate with their supervisors mainly because their supervisors were not willing to use it. One of the possible reasons for not using email by supervisors is that they are technophobes because they lack knowledge and experience in using technology and thus they are not aware of its importance and usefulness amongst other reasons 

 ( منهاج التقارب التواصلي للنص )

اللغة في جوهرها قائمة على أساس التواصل ، ولهذا لا يمكن تصور حياة بدون لغة وكذلك لا حياة بدون تواصل ، وعليه فأن هذا البحث سيحاول الوصول الى مقاربة لتحديد مفهوم هذا التواصل أو المقاربة النصية كهدف جوهري في اطار عملية تعلم اللغات الأجنبية ومن أهمها علاقة البناء الكلي للنص المكتوب الذي يتشكل من تشابك سياقات عديدة منها ما هو لغوي وما هو غير لغوي . وإذا كانت الكتابة التواصلية تحدث تبادلا بين مرسل ومستقبل فأن قارئ النص كذلك يستقبل ذات الرسائل مما يقرأ ، وهي عملية تواصلية تتأسس هي كذلك على مرسل ومستقبل ضمن ضوابط محددة ولكل منها نواياه وأهدافه من هذه العملية ، مستفيدا من كافة الإمكانيات ووسائل الإيضاح التربوية المتاحة لتحقيق ذلك ضمن منهجية علمية وإطار تربوي متكامل يراعي الجوانب النفسية والاجتماعية والأيديولوجية ومدى تأثيرها سلبا أو إيجابا على مسار العملية التربوية بأكملها.

Introduction

     L’élaboration et la définition du concept de compétence de communication, en tant qu’objectif fondamental de l’enseignement des langues étrangères, marque l’irruption de la pragmatique linguistique et l’instauration d’une approche communicative ou fonctionnelle dans ce domaine.

   L’approche communicative se manifeste au niveau de la programmation didactique (l’élaboration des contenus de l’enseignement) aussi bien qu’au niveau de la programmation méthodologique (l’élaboration des MÉTHODES, des stratégies et des techniques d’enseignement). Pour ce qui est de la programmation didactique et de l’élaboration de SYLLABUS, l’approche communicative relève d’une démarche onomasiologique qui traduit les actes de paroles et les notions en formes linguistique(R.GALISSON,1980)(1), s’opposent à la démarche sémiologique qui traduisait les formes linguistiques, choisies en fonction de leur fréquence et de leur répartition, en notions.

   La démarche communicative dans le domaine de la méthodologie préconise l’utilisation des techniques communicatives: cognitives, d’identification énonciative,« formelles »(qui font varier l’un des dimensions de la situation de communication), des techniques de créativité, des techniques et de simulation (TEODORA CRISTA, 1984)(2).