Data required for calculation the static re-crystallization kinetics have been evaluated from laboratory simulations. Series of two hit isothermal tests were conducted on high temperature torsion machine. These tests were conducted on four different temperatures and using inter-pass times between 0.5 and 5s with aim to investigate the influence of thermal activation on static re-crystallization. All tests were conducted on temperatures over TNR temperature, i.e. in temperature range in which all niobium is present only in solid solution. Method of evaluation of re-crystallization fraction was mechanical metallography, i.e. evaluation based on shape of each stress- strain curve. The fraction softening was calculated for all temperatures, together with avrami exponent, nA, and activation energy for re-crystallization, QSRX. Activation energy for static re-crystallization QSRX  281 KJ/mol and avrami exponent nA  1 determined in this work are in excellent agreement with previously reported data.

The aim of this work is focused on nucleation stages with emphasis on the development of intra-granular ferrite morphologies during isothermal austenite transformation in titanium free micro-alloyed steel. Isothermal treatment was carried out in the temperature range 350 to 600οC. These treatments were interrupted at different times between 2 and 1800 s in order to analyze the evolution of the microstructure. Metallographic evaluation was done by using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enabled determination of the nucleation onset at all treatments and subsequent on the development of intra-granular ferrite of isothermally treated Ti free micro-alloyed steel. The results show that at high temperatures ( 500  C) polygonal intra-granularly nucleated ferrite idiomorphs, combined with grain boundary ferrite and pearlite were produced and followed by an incomplete transformation phenomenon, At intermediate temperatures (450 and 500  C) an interlocked acicular ferrite (AF) microstructure is produced, and at low temperatures (400 and 350  C) the sheave of parallel acicular ferrite plates, similar to bainitic sheaves but intra-granularly nucleated were observed. In addition to sheaf type acicular ferrite, the grain boundary nucleated bainitic sheaves are observed.

Abstract

It has been described the development of electrochemical nano sensor for the detection of mercury ions from aqueous solutions based on the formation of polyaniline nanoparticle films. Screen printed carbon electrodes were modified with polyaniline nanoparticles. Electropolymerization of polyaniline nanoparticles was performed by the pulsed potentiostatic method. The sample of polyaniline nanoparticles was prepared by repeating the potential step process three times. Structural and morploigcal characterization of polyaniline nanoparticles modified screen printed carbon electrode was performed using Fourier Transmission infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). PANI nanoparticles were spherical shaped having an apparent dimeter varying from 20 to 45 nm. Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry was used for the detection of Hg(II) on PANI NPs modified screen printed carbon electrode under optimized conditions. Hg(II) was deposited for 60 seconds by the reduction of Hg(II) in buffer solution:(citric acid and sodium chloride pH 2.30), followed by Hg stripping between 0.3 and 0.8 V at the following parameters: Scan rate: 100 mV s-1, frequency: 60 Hz, amplitude: 0.025 V and increment: 4.0 mV. it was found that the PANI NPs modified screen printed carbon electrode had a highest anodic stripping peak current in solution of pH 2.30. The limit of detection value for Hg(II) was found to be 2.50 ± 0.03 ppb. The limits of detections determined are below the corresponding guideline value from the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, the modified nano electrode exhibited excellent reproducibility and high stability. The developed method was successfully applied to determine Hg(II) in real water samples with satisfactory results.

We have synthesized graphene oxide using improved Hummer's method in order to explore the potential use of the resulting graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for an active anticancer agent, chlorogenic acid (CA). The synthesized graphene oxide and chlorogenic acid-graphene oxide nanocomposite (CAGO) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry analysis, Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV–vis spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques. The successful conjugation of chlorogenic acid onto graphene oxide through hydrogen bonding and π–π interaction was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, FTIR analysis and X-ray diffraction patterns. The loading of CA in the nanohybrid was estimated to be around 13.1% by UV–vis spectroscopy. The release profiles …

This paper presents the dynamic crushing performance of corrugated composite plate with different profiles. Samples of sinusoidal, square, and triangular corrugated profiles were experimentally tested. They were subjected to axial impact load. A weight of 10.5 kg have been freely dropped from a height of 1m, 2m, and 3m. The idea is to understand the effect of corrugation geometry on energy absorption performance. All specimens have been manufactured by hand lay-up technique using woven roving E-glass fabric and polyester resin with six layers. Similar specimens have been tested before under the effect of quasi-static compression load. Quasi–static testing is simpler and less expensive than dynamic testing and facilities are more readily available. Quasi–static can provide good qualitative assessment as to the trend of different variables upon energy absorption. However, for useful design data, dynamic testing is essential to determine a quantitative measure of energy absorption. Results obtained from dynamic tests conducted showed that corrugation profile has high effect on energy absorption capability. It is also observed that, specimens of square profile recorded the highest capability of energy absorption characteristics compared with sinusoidal and triangular profiles. This result came exactly in conformity with the results of quasi-static load applied on similar specimen that performed in a previous research.

The quality requirements for concrete reinforcement have increased interest in optimizing the mechanical properties of reinforcing bars used for the construction of all types of structures such as buildings, bridges and other constructions. The variability of mechanical properties of reinforcing steel bars manufactured from scrap metals by local manufacturers in Libya have been investigated in this paper. Sydee-Assayh Steel Factory (SASF) is one of the private steel factories established recently in Libya. This factory uses mainly scrap metals as raw material. This was motivated by the fact that it has been noticed that the use of the substandard reinforcing bars in construction industry could lead to collapse of the structures reinforced with these bars in many developing countries. Therefore a series of experimental tests were conducted to find mechanical properties of Sydee-Assyh Steel Factory products. Steel rods samples of 12mm and 14mm diameter were selected randomly and tested. Results found were compared with Libyan specifications (LNS-75) and ASTM standard (A-615), and found almost satisfactory.

Abstract

This paper provides a CFD comparison of tow turbulence modeling approaches (SST) and (K-epsilon), with application to the simulation of a teardrop. As well as, the study investigates and compares among 3 different models in a range these types in order to assess the suitability of CFD for use when calculating drag co-efficient. Moreover, the study focuses on 3 different velocities to be impacted with the drag co-efficient. Whereas, the pressure over the body was used to calculate the drag co-efficient for each of the 3 teardrops shapes.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of how BSC is developed and applied in evaluating the performance of The Jumhouria Bank (JB) in Libya. Using the concepts of Kaplan and Norton, and the data made available from the bank, a BSC was derived to measure the performance of the bank between 2007-2010. The analysis assisted the cause-effect relationships between the non-financial, and the financial dimensions of the BSC. Due to lack of research work, in this area, in the banking sector in Libya, this study shall contribute to the knowledge on how banks in Libya may apply the BSC to evaluate their performance, and how they might turn strategic vision into potential performance. The author proposed some future research needs required in this area. The use of the BSC developed here is limited to the bank studied; however, the approach could trigger off reflections among policy makers and other banks to start using the BSC.