This study highlights the simulation of a hypothetical fracture in the largest beam tube connected to the core of the Tajoura Nuclear Research Centre's (TNRC) reactor with low enrichment uranium, which produces a maximum thermal power equal to 9.7MW. This study was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the safety of the reactor core when the fracture occurs. The reactor core is cooled in normal operation by downward pumping of coolant (light water) and forced convection, while the reactor core is cooled by natural convection when the cooling pumps stop and after the emergency tank is filled to extract the decay heat. As a result of the temperature difference between the water in the reactor core and the reactor pool, and as a result of the density difference, a reverse flow of coolant occurs in the upward direction. When a break occurs in one of the beam tubes, the Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) is started. Consequently, the water level will decrease, and when it reaches 7.4 meters, the cooling pumps will coast down, and thus the SCRAM takes place at the reactor. Because the beam tubes are located in the middle of the reactor core, the water level in the reactor pool will continue to decrease until the denudation of the core takes place when the reactor core is denudated and exposed to air. In this case, the reactor is cooled by two means of heat transfer: natural convection and radiation. Radiation takes place at high temperature differences, in this case, most of heat transfer occurs by natural convection. The MATLAB program was used in this study to perform hydraulic calculations over time in the hottest cell in the reactor core. The results showed that the surface temperatures of the clad exceed the maximum temperature allowed for the surface of the clad (102°C). The temperatures obtained in the surface clad (Aluminum) were compared with the melting temperature, which is 660°C, and it was found that at time 260 sec the clad surface temperature exceeds the melting point. Therefore, it was noticed that when the reactor core is exposed to the air, there is no ability to remove the decay heat by natural convection nor radiation. Thus, temperatures will rise, which will lead to fuel deterioration. To avoid this, it is better to operate the reactor at lower powers thus the decay heat becomes less. In addition, closing the shutters of the beam tubes when the breakage occurs to reduce the amount of leakage and loss of the coolant.

This study is about conducting an economic comparison for establishing small and modular or large reactors in Libya, as analysts and decision makers often want to obtain estimates of the expected cost. There is a national project to establish the first nuclear station in Libya. The aim of this project is to study 19 infrastructure issues according to the International Atomic Energy Agency's Milestone Approach for any newcomer country that embarks on acquiring a nuclear station. One of these important elements of the study is the economic feasibility study of the project. For this, the IAEA INPRO NES simulator tool was used to make this comparison. During this study, the cost of a reactor unit with a capacity equal to 1085 megawatts was compared with approximately 4 equivalent units of the same capacity with small and modular reactors with a capacity of up to 300 megawatts -119921- per unit. These values were chosen to economically compare between a large reactor and four small units for the same total capacity of 1085 megawatts. From the results obtained, it was found that the estimated cost of 4 small and modular reactor units is $67.69 mill per kilowatt-hour, while the estimated cost of the LWR unit is $55.37 mill per kilowatt-hour, which means that establishing 4 SMRs units with a capacity of 300 megawatts per unit is more expensive than establishing a unit of a large 1085 MW reactor. A sensitivity analysis is applied for different discount rates, overnight construction costs, construction time to assess the levelized unit energy cost where the impact of the discount rate is obvious. There is a kind of trade-off between cost and the strength of the electrical network in Libya, as the electrical network is currently weak. It is possible to move forward with small and modular reactors or improve the electrical network to establish a nuclear station with large reactors.

La représentation de la femme dans la littérature, particulièrement dans les sociétés arabes et francophones, a toujours été au centre des préoccupations intellectuelles et sociales. Au fil des décennies, elle est devenue une thématique cruciale pour comprendre les enjeux de genre, d'identité et d'émancipation dans ces contextes. Les écrivaines Nawal El Saadawi et Leïla Slimani, deux figures emblématiques de la littérature féminine arabe et francophone, proposent des récits où les luttes, aspirations et réalités des femmes occupent une place centrale.

Nawal El Saadawi, militante féministe égyptienne, utilise la fiction et les essais pour dénoncer l'oppression patriarcale et les injustices sociales subies par les femmes dans les sociétés arabes, particulièrement sous le prisme de la religion, de la tradition et des normes sociales. À travers ses œuvres, elle dresse un portrait sans concession de la condition féminine, mettant en avant des personnages féminins qui luttent contre l'invisibilisation et la soumission.

Leïla Slimani, quant à elle, bien que d'origine marocaine, s’inscrit dans une perspective franco-maghrébine plus large. Ses romans, tels que Chanson douce et Le Pays des autres, explorent non seulement la condition féminine, mais aussi la tension entre tradition et modernité, entre les attentes de la société et la quête personnelle d'indépendance des femmes. Slimani, à travers un style plus psychologique, s'interroge sur les ambiguïtés du désir féminin, les frustrations domestiques et les conflits identitaires.

Bien que ces deux auteures évoluent dans des contextes sociopolitiques distincts, leurs œuvres partagent des thèmes communs comme la quête de liberté, la transgression des normes sociales, et la redéfinition des rôles de genre. Cette étude comparative se propose d’analyser les similitudes et divergences dans la manière dont El Saadawi et Slimani construisent la représentation de la femme.

Abstract: The Study aims to evaluate the quality of groundwater in the Ain Zara area, situated south of Tripoli, and assesses its suitability for drinking using the Canadian Water Quality Index (CCMEWQI) and the Weighted Arithmetic Index (WAWQI). A total of 40 well water samples were collected in March and April 2023, with GPS data collected for the wells and mapped accordingly. Key parameters measured included dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrite (NO2-), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), pH, and concentrations of positive ions (Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺) as well as negative ions (NO3-, SO4²-, Cl-, HCO3-). Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) were calculated, with results compared against the Libyan Standard Specifications for Drinking Water No. 82 (2013). Analysis indicated an increase in TDS concentration in select samples, exceeding the maximum concentration (7100 mg/L) in well 10, alongside elevated sodium ion concentrations in wells (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37) and calcium ions in wells (7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 32) and 35 in the northern and northwestern sections of the study area. Furthermore, increased concentrations of chloride and bicarbonate ions were observed in the wells to the north and northwest. Other parameters remained within the permissible limits according to the 2013 Libyan standard specifications. Wells (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 38, 39, and 40), located in the southern and southeastern parts of the study area, were classified as excellent quality for drinking, according to both the CCMEWQI and WAWQI. In contrast, the remaining wells in the northern and northwestern areas were classified from good to acceptable to poor, rendering them unsuitable for drinking. The study demonstrated that both indices displayed similar spatial distributions.

Abstract— Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow out of control and spread to other body parts. cancer is an ongoing global challenge. It is a leading cause of disease worldwide. Most cancer deaths each year are related to lung, colorectal, stomach, and breast cancers. Detection of disease in early stages, enabling more effective treatment and reducing morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of different types of cancers in Libya. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out, the data was collected by visiting the Oncology Centre in Misrata, reviewing the records, and recording data on the prevalence of different types of tumours from 2018 to 2022. Results: The number of cases rises every year, the overall number of cancer cases is rising annually: 1198 cases were reported in 2018, 1143 cases in 2019, 1422 cases in 2020, 1533 cases in 2021, and 1640 cases in 2022. The breast cancer was the most prevalent type of cancer during the period 2018-2022, the following results were recorded 21.45%, 20.9%, 22.6% 24.9% and 23.7% respectively. Followed by colon cancer was recorded at 16.4%, 15.7%, 17.2%, 18.4% and 15.6 respectively, followed by lung cancer was recorded at 7.8%, 7.9%, 10.6%, 8% and 9%. the fourth to ten grades are often confined between lymphoma, ovary, prostate, leukemia, pancreas, sarcoma and brain tumor. According to our results, we concluded that there is a clear increase in the number of cases of various types of cancer in Libya every year. Early detection is the first line of defence against this dangerous disease. People need to be sensitised to regular check-ups. The government should provide the requirements for detection and treatment.

Keywords— Breast cancer, Colon cancer, Lung cancer, Lymphoma, Ovary cancer, Prostate cancer, Leukemia, Pancreas cancer, Sarcoma and Brain tumor, Prevalence of cancer in Libya.

Abstract: The Abaoub-Shkheam Decomposition Method (QDM) is employed in this paper to solve nonlinear initial value problems of second order. Adomian polynomial is used to decompose nonlinear functions that exist in a given equation. We are using this method (QDM) to find the exact solution of different types of non-linear ordinary differential equations, which is based on the Abaoub Shkheam transform method (QTM) and the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM). An example is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach.