The main goal of this study (which the comprehensive reservoir study for Libyan X Field plan of development) is to predict future performance of a reservoir and find ways and means of optimizing the recovery of some of the hydrocarbon under various operating conditions. The simulator results show the reservoir pressure history curve is matching to the stimulation curve, this gives a good indication of the input data that has been entered to the model. The driving mechanism for all those reservoirs it comes from three natural forces, which are fluid expansion, PV compressibility, and water influx. The best method to choose as secondary recovery for this oil field is water and gas Injection. Water and gas Injection have the largest Total Field Recovery. Water and gas Injection have the highest Reservoir Pressure at the end of the project. The highest percentage of oil recovery was when the water and gas were injected and it reached 58%, then when the water was injected and it reached 55%, and then when the gas was actually injected and it reached 54%. The field pressure rise was greater when water and gas were injected, and the pressure reached 792 psi, while it was less when only water was injected, reaching 435.5 psi, and when only gas was injected, it reached 412.9 psi. Finally, central objective of this master thesis with the help of reservoir simulation fulfilled to produce future prediction that will lead to optimize reservoir performance which meant reservoir developed in the manner that brings utmost benefit to the commercial business.

Abstract: Eighty-five rock samples corresponding to the Palaeozoic formations were taken from two wells in the NC 200 Block of the Murzuq Basin. The study aimed to find out geochemical characteristics of Silurian Bir Tlacsin/Tanezzuft Formations, the Devonian Awaynat Wanin/BDS II Formations, and the Carboniferous Marar/Lower Marar Formations. Rock-Eval analysis, Total organic carbon (TOC) parameters and specific Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) biomarkers were applied to determine the potential hydrocarbon generation. Per se, Rocks are good sources and hold fair content of organic matter, crossing in the range of good accumulation, in which the very good source rocks have an organic carbon richness (TOC) reached of 3.7 wt%. The studied rocks are ranged from immature to late mature organic matter (OM) with total organic carbon richness (TOC) range between 0.4 – 3.7 wt%. Rock-Eval parameters S1, S2, S3, Tmax, S2/S3, OI, PI and HI of the source rock samples have values ranged from 0.02 – 0.3, 0.22 – 6, 0.36 – 4, 423 – 443, 24= 350, 0 – 0.27 and 42 – 384 respectively. The range of hydrogen index (HI) related to oxygen index (OI) displays that all kerogen types from Type II to Type III are exist and increase with depth. The Tmax parameter is wide-ranging among studied formations, indicating different levels of organic matter maturity, from immature oil window and to late mature for the Devonian-Carboniferous and Silurian source rocks, associated with more depth. Molecular composition analysis of n-alkanes and other biomarkers supported the findings of Rock-Eval pyrolysis data, revealing varied hydrocarbon signatures across the formations. The Carbon isotope analysis (δ13C) suggested multiple sources contributing to the generated oil, including Type I to Type III kerogens.

Identifying the driving mechanism and PVT analysis is important for optimizing reservoir development plans through primary, secondary, or tertiary recovery methods. Also, determining the size of an aquifer (based on its response to pressure support) provides a means of calibrating known physics against production data, which once calibrated can be used for prediction. In this paper, the types of natural drivers of the reservoir were estimated and compared using a program called MBAL after matching production history data with model results. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the basic driving mechanisms and PVT analysis using MBAL software for Intisar D field. The final project results can be seen matching the real data of the reservoir with the program results using MBAL software. The simulation results show that the reservoir pressure history curve matches the stimulation curve, and this gives a good indication of the input data fed into the model. The driving mechanism for all these tanks comes from three natural forces, namely fluid expansion, compression, and water flow. It started with the expansion of the fluid from 0 to 0.60, with the compressibility from 0.60 to 0.89, and with the flow of water from 0.89 to 1 is the flow of water.

Abstract: The Ordovician to Devonian succession in the in Murzuq Basin represents the most important part of the lower Paleozoic terrigenous Al Gargaf siliciclastic group, which consists of several formations such as the Ordovician Hawaz, Melaz Shuqran and Mamuniyat Formations and the Devonian Tadrart and Awainat Wanin Formations. Different integrated methods were used and implemented in order to understand lithology and sedimentary structures of the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian formations. Firstly, intensive geological field trips were carried out and special attention was focused on Ordovician and Devonian reservoir sandstones and the Silurian source rocks. Secondly facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy methods were applied to figure out a simple sequence stratigraphic division of the Ordovician to Devonian succession based on outcrop sections, well logs and interpreted seismic sections. As a result of the petrographic field investigation and facies analysis based on seismic interpretation of the several seismic lines in the study area. Sequence boundaries of the Ordovician and Devonian succession on all seismic sections were identified by using specific reflection terminations such as onlap and erosional truncations features. 13 seismic facies were recognized, divided and classified for each of the examined stratigraphic formations (4 facies in Hawaz, 5 facies in Melaz Shuqran and Mamuniyat formations and 4 facies in the Tadrart and Awainat Wanin). A seismic facies classification chart was made on the basis of the classified seismic facies scheme, since depositional systems and types of seismic facies differ in each stratigraphic succession. Depositional sequences of sedimentary environments were identified from well logs and available 2D seismic sections and sequence stratigraphic frameworks were constructed for the Ordovician and Devonian formations. Based on the facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy interpretations, two different order sequences in the Ordovician to Devonian succession have been found and identified: The major sequences are possibly 2nd-order sequences in time duration. They are clearly traceable on all seismic sections. May be minor sequences are possibly 3rd-order sequences, and they are not traceable on all seismic sections clearly, but are recognized on well logs or outcrop sections. Eventually, all obtained information and that results were plotted on the different maps for each examined section to construct a depositional model and to estimate the maximum distributions of each formation separately on the basis of depositional system interpretations.

Keywords: Murzuq Basin, Al Gargaf siliciclastic group, Ordovician to Devonian succession, depositional system and seismic facies

Triflusal is a prodrug used as a platelet antiaggregant agent (a platelet aggregation inhibitor). It has efficacy similar to that of aspirin specially in patients with cerebral and myocardial infraction. Chemically, triflusal is nothing except a derivative of acetylsalicylic acid (2-acetyl-3-trifluoromethylsalicylic acid). It is bio-transformed under the effect of a deacetylation process into the active metabolite (known as HTB) which is 2-hydroxyl-3-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid. During the triflusal uses the cutaneous phototoxic/photoallergic side effect is noted including rash, itching or allergic reactions. In order to study this side effect, we use a very excellent tool to study such reactions which is DFT and TD-DFT. The active metabolite of triflusal HTB molecular orbitals and UV-VIS spectroscopic features have been investigated herein. The obtained results show that there is a difference in the molecular orbitals (MOs) pattern between the two forms of HTB (protonated and deprotonated) especially the HOMOs of the deprotonated species..

Abstract: In this study, we introduce a novel approach to the solution of a nonlinear Volterra -Fredholm integral equations by applying the Adomian decomposition method under the effect of the Abaoub- Shkheam transform. We demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of the solution in Banach space and illustrate this idea with an example.

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the compliance of key Libyan government websites with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2, the latest international standard for digital accessibility published in October 2023. The assessment focuses on the nine new success criteria introduced in WCAG 2.2, which aim to improve accessibility for users with low vision, cognitive, and motor disabilities. By conducting thorough automated and manual testing, this research identifies the specific strengths and weaknesses of the evaluated websites in meeting WCAG 2.2 requirements at the A, AA, and AAA levels. The findings reveal significant areas for improvement across the government's online presence and provide actionable recommendations for Libyan institutions to enhance their digital accessibility efforts and create a more inclusive online environment for all citizens. KEYWORDS: digital accessibility, web accessibility, compliance, Libyan government websites

A type of EOR, secondary production includes water flooding and gas injection. Normally, gas is injected into the gas cap and water is injected into the production zone to sweep oil from the reservoir. A pressure-maintenance program can begin during the primary recovery stage, but it is a form of enhanced recovery. The main purpose of this report is to investigate the effect of the reservoir rock compressibility on oil recovery factor during gas injection. The problem statement of this study is firstly, as the reservoir oil and gas production under primary conditions, causes the reservoir pressure to decline. Secondly, A gas injection is required to re-energize or “re-pressurize" the reservoir. The main objective of this project is to investigate the effect of the reservoir fluid densities on oil recovery factor during gas injection. By using ECLIPES Software, we model the data and find out the best prediction of gas injection that is suitable for the available field data. It is proven that the optimum oil production is by injection a high amount of injection rate. The highest increase in percentage of the total gas production is when an injection of 54 MMSCF is 0.58 %. The higher the compressibility value of the rock, will give the higher the rate of oil and gas production. The relationship between oil rate, gas rate, pressure, and oil recovery factor are directing the compressibility of rocks is a direct relationship.

Daily incidents significantly impact the workflow of ambulance and healthcare personnel, whose critical role involves providing immediate medical treatment and facilitating transportation to hospitals. This study presents the design of a medical expert system aimed at enhancing first-aid response in ambulances and educating users on fundamental first-aid principles. The proposed system integrates a comprehensive knowledge base that catalogs disease symptoms and corresponding treatments, functioning similarly to a medical professional's guidance. While the system relies on pre-programmed symptoms, it allows for the continuous addition of new symptoms and diseases, ensuring adaptability in emergencies. This expert system is particularly beneficial for novice healthcare providers, equipping them with reliable diagnostic support and improving patient outcomes during medical emergencies.