Countries located in temperate, hot and arid climates, such as Libya, face the critical need to cool houses whose internal temperatures rise due to these climatic conditions. This can be achieved by employing proper insulation techniques to prevent heat gain from solar radiation (insolation). This paper addresses the impact of not implementing thermal insulation for the roof of a building, in contrast to other external parts of the structure. The temperature distribution in a single-story building was studied using finite element analysis (FEA), along with how the building absorbs heat from its surroundings during a sunny day. The thermal analysis was conducted on a 3D concrete building with walls made of concrete masonry blocks, a floor height of 3.20 meters, and a total area of 40 square meters, using ANSYS 2020 R2 software. The building model includes thermal insulation for the external envelope, but the roof and openings remain uninsulated (as is often the case with home insulation practices in Libya). The finite element method is widely used due to its high effectiveness in simulation and achieving accurate results. The analysis results demonstrated the heat distribution gained from insolation, as well as variations in the rates of heat transfer from the building's exterior to its interior. The findings showed that neglecting the thermal insulation of the roof and window openings leads to an approximate 70% increase in the building's internal temperature. Furthermore, the results clearly indicated that insulating the building's walls alone is insufficient to prevent overheating. This provides a sufficient understanding of the prioritization required in applying insulation layers for buildings located in hot climates.

This paper addresses the critical challenge of human-induced signal attenuation in millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications, a key concern for fifth-generation (5G) network reliability in indoor environments. Our study introduces a simplified model to quantify the impact of human body blockage on indoor communication links at a frequency of 32.5 GHz., a frequency relevant to 5G systems. The influence of nearby scattering objects is investigated through experimental measurements involving a human body. Key wave propagation phenomena, including diffraction, are considered for each scattering object. The Double Knife-Edge Diffraction (DKED) model is used to estimate the attenuation caused by the human body (to estimate blockage losses). Through controlled experiments with human subjects, we systematically analyze how scattering objects and body positioning influence signal propagation. The model's performance is validated by comparing simulation results with experimental data. The findings show that the proposed model effectively predicts signal attenuation in indoor environments, providing valuable insights for future studies on human presence effects in fifth-generation (5G) communication systems. Keywords: 5G, DKED, diffraction, human shadowing, millimeter-wave, blockage.

-This paper examines the effect of human body blockage on signal propagation (millimeter-wave (mmWave) signal propagation) in indoor environments links at 32.5 GHz (a critical frequency for fifth-generation (5G) network), with a particular focus on the diffraction effects caused by the human body, where diffraction is one of the important wave propagation mechanisms. In this study, measurements were taken to assess the effect of the human body as it moves between the transmitter and the receiver. To predict the signal attenuation, the principles of Fresnel diffraction were utilized, particularly emphasizing complex Fresnel integrals. Our results show that the received power varies significantly based on the person’s position, as diffraction loss highly depends on the body’s location. This study enhances our understanding of how human-induced diffraction, is critical for designing more reliable wireless networks. As the findings demonstrate that the proposed model effectively predicts signal attenuation in indoor environments and emphasizes the importance of accounting for human interference when optimizing communication systems, thus supporting the effective deployment of 5G technology. 

This paper investigates human-induced signal attenuation in indoor mm-wave communications at 32.5 GHz, a critical concern for 5G systems. Two distinct diffraction-based models are applied to the same indoor scenario to assess human blockage effects: one employs the Double Knife-Edge Diffraction (DKED) approach, and the other uses Fresnel diffraction principles with complex Fresnel integrals. Controlled experiments with a human subject moving between a transmitter (TX) and a receiver (RX) reveal that the DKED model consistently underestimates the received power by 2 6 dB, while the Fresnel diffraction approach underestimates it by 2–5 dB Based on the comparative results, the DKED model demonstrates higher accuracy in predicting signal attenuation, offering valuable insights for improving indoor 5G network performance

Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) is a significant condition that affects cardiovascular health worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, early detection and management of DCAN are crucial for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease among individuals with T2DM. Identifying this disorder can enhance patient outcomes and quality of life by minimizing the chances of serious complications. This cross-sectional study aims to identify diabetic individuals with DCAN and to investigate its relationship with various risk factors, including hyperglycemia, the duration of diabetes, the presence of peripheral somatic neuropathy, and diabetic microvascular complications. The study included 261 patients with T2DM, comprising 61.5% females and 38.5% males. Participants underwent cardiovascular testing and clinical evaluations to identify cases of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Out of the 261 randomly selected patients, 82 were diagnosed with DCAN, resulting in a prevalence rate of 31.4%. The average age for female patients was 57.5 ± 0.7 years, while for male patients, it was 56.3 ± 1.2 years from the total recruited patients. In addition, there is a strong association between DCAN and clinical and biochemical parameters such as lipid profile, duration of diabetes, poor diabetic control, and presence of microalbuminuria in patients with DCAN and above 60 years old, compared to younger patients. The study highlighted a strong association between DCAN and factors such as poor glycemic control, prolonged diabetes duration, and the presence of chronic microvascular complications, including neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. These findings emphasize the importance of raising awareness and proactively assessing Libyan patients who are at risk for cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. This is crucial to reduce the likelihood of recurrent acute cardiac complications, especially in patients undergoing emergency surgery without a prior diagnosis. It is vital to recognize this risk.

Keywords. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Pulse Rate, Metabolic Syndrome, Blood Pressure.