This study aims to identify solutions for the early failure of roads in Libya due to the lack of a pavement management system and an effective load weighing system. The coastal highway in the city of Misrata was taken as a case study, which has high traffic volumes, especially heavy vehicles. The companies involved in the road's reconstruction provided data on average yearly temperatures and the physical properties of the construction materials, This included the modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for both the asphalt mix and the soil used, The design for traffic volumes was based on ESALs reaching 24 M.S.A which is the calculated value for this road. , the ESALS were increased by 5 M.S.A and designed by using  PerRoad program, for perpetual pavement method, and the mechanical experimental method. After the design, both methodologies were compared, and the effect of increasing the number of axles and ESALs on the thickness of the asphalt layers was studied, The results showed that the design of this road using the perpetual pavement method is not affected by the increase in the number of axles and ESALs, which is suitable for achieving a design life of up to 50 years without being affected by the increase in ESALs. The asphalt layers were 25cm thick, while the subgrade layer was 20 cm thick, On the other hand, the mechanical experimental showed a clear impact from the increase in the number of axles and ESALs, as the thickness of the asphalt layer increased from 19 cm to 28 cm, and the thickness of the subgrade layer increased from 30 cm to 40 cm. This design achieves a lifespan of 20 years. The study also indicated that for designs with 15 M.S.A and above, the traditional design is considered over-designed, and the use of permanent pavement is preferred. As for the design of this road, the permanent pavement method was adopted

Accurate wind speed modeling is essential for reliable wind resource assessment and wind farm planning. Although the Weibull distribution is widely used in wind energy studies, its accuracy may vary depending on regional climatic characteristics. This study evaluates the suitability of the Weibull distribution for modeling wind speed data in Libya and compares its performance with several alternative probability distributions. The analysis is based on 7,305 daily wind speed observations obtained from the NASA POWER database for the period 2004–2023 at a reference height of 50 m above Sea level for five locations in Libya: Tripoli, Ajdabiyah, Alkufra, Awbari, and Darnah. The mean wind speeds range from 6.419 m/s in Tripoli to 7.270 m/s in Darnah. Statistical analysis was performed using EasyFit and MATLAB, while the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) test was applied to evaluate the goodness of fit between observed and theoretical distributions. The results show that the Weibull distribution does not provide the best statistical representation for any of the studied locations. Instead, Johnson SB, Dagum (4P), and Burr distributions demonstrated superior performance. The estimated wind power density ranged from 52.57 W/m² in Tripoli to 78.97 W/m² in Darnah, highlighting the importance of flexible multi-parameter distributions for improving wind resource assessment and supporting more reliable wind farm planning in Libya.

This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory and lethal effects of root extracts of the Wild Rue plant (Peganum harmala L.) against the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani under laboratory conditions. Two types of extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) were used at concentrations of (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The results indicated that the effectiveness increased proportionally with the concentration. The inhibition rate of the aqueous extract reached 64.8% at a concentration of 20%, while the alcoholic extract was significantly superior, reaching 84% at the same concentration. Statistical analysis confirmed highly significant differences between concentrations (P < 0.001) as determined by one-way ANOVA, while two-way ANOVA showed extract type, concentration, and their interaction were significant factors, explaining approximately 85% of the total variance. The study concluded that the alcoholic extract is more effective than the aqueous one in inhibiting R. solani, making it a promising option for fungal control as a safe alternative to chemical pesticides.

The examination of the flow instability is crucial in nuclear reactors to prevent the occurrence of flow excursion during a postulated accident. Instabilities can reduce the safety margins against these critical heat flux phenomena, where the fuel cladding surface temperature increases dramatically. In this paper, flow instability is investigated at the reactor of Tajoura Nuclear Research Centre with low enriched uranium (LEU) core, the recent reactor’s fuel assembly type is IRT-4M. The flow instability is assessed at the hottest cell of the reactor by implementing PLTEMP/ANL code.

The safety margin to flow instability is evaluated at the maximum power of the reactor (9.7 MW) by running the code at various core flow rates to find the point where FIR equals 1. The inlet coolant temperature is 45°C, the core pressure drop is 0.066 MPa, and the inlet pressure is 0.179 MPa. At the beginning, the calculations have been obtained at the flow rate of 8.1 kg/s. The results show that the maximum cladding surface temperature is 96.971°C which is less than the permissible value (102°C), the minimum FIR, ONBR, and DNBR equals to 2.034, 1.559, and 4.147, respectively. By reducing the core flow rate at the maximum power level, it is determined that FIR equals to 1.0 at the flow rate of 3.976 kg/s. Which means that the safety margin value to flow instability is 2.038. It is concluded from the safety margin value to flow instability that it is in agreement with the thermal-hydraulic safety requirements of TNRC’s reactor. 

This study aims to test the psychometric properties of the Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES) and examines its associations with psychological distress, satisfaction with life, resilience, and religiosity among individuals affected by the Libyan wars. The sample consisted of 457 participants, with 77.02% female (n = 352) and 22.98% male (n = 105), ranging in age from 18 to 75 years (M_age = 28.82, SD = 11.41). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) revealed that the one-factor model exhibited excellent fit, with indices: CFI = .997, TLI = .997, RMSEA = .029 (90% CI = [.015, .040]), SRMR = .050. Reliability analysis indicated high internal consistency (ω = .94, α = .94). ISLES scores were negatively correlated with satisfaction with life (r = − .27) and resilience (r = − .39), while correlations with religiosity were non-significant (r = − .09, p = .060). Positive correlations were observed with psychological distress, including anxiety (r = .39), depression (r = .46), and stress (r = .32). Exploratory indirect association analyses showed that ISLES scores were statistically associated with psychological distress through resilience and life satisfaction, whereas no significant indirect association was observed for religiosity. These findings support the one-factor structure of ISLES and highlight context-specific patterns of association in populations exposed to chronic and ongoing trauma.

Religious self‑conscious emotions, especially guilt and shame, shape psychological well-being, yet their specific roles in distress and resilience remain underexplored in Arab Muslim contexts. This study examines the relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, religious guilt and shame, resilience, and psychological distress among Libyan Arabs using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), network analysis, and mediation modeling. Participants were 215 Libyan adults (72.1% female, aged 18–54) recruited via social media. Measures included the Muslim Religiosity Scale (MRS), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–8 (DASS-8), and items assessing religious guilt and shame. CFA supported a two-factor structure distinguishing guilt and shame (CFI = .95, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .04). Correlation analyses revealed that both religious guilt (r = .31) and religious shame (r = .34) were strongly associated with intrinsic religiosity. Extrinsic religiosity correlated positively with resilience total score (r = .16) and negatively with depression (r = −.25) and stress (r = −.13). Intrinsic religiosity was higher among males (r = .19). Network analysis identified religious guilt as more central than shame, with “I feel guilty if I miss prayers” a key node. Mediation analysis indicated that depression mediated the association between resilience and religiosity dimensions, with nonsignificant direct effects. Network analysis suggested resilience played a limited bridging role between religiosity and distress. Findings highlight religious guilt’s stronger influence on distress compared to shame and suggest that psychological distress shapes religious engagement more than resilience does. Culturally sensitive interventions should address the mental health impact of religious guilt, and future research should explore protective factors in Arab Muslim populations.